Plant Fiber Formation: State of the Art, Recent and Expected Progress, and Open Questions

Горшкова, Т. А.; Brutch, N. B.; Chabbert, Brigitte; Deyholos, Michael K.; Hayashi, Takahisa; Lev‐Yadun, Simcha; Mellerowicz, Ewa J.; Morvan, C.; Neutelings, Godfrey; Pilate, Gilles

doi:10.1080/07352689.2011.616096

Cited by 137 publications

(134 citation statements)

References 219 publications

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“…By symplastic elongation, primary phloem fibers of hemp attain the length of 200 μm [8] (Figure 2B). The start of the primary fiber intrusive growth is marked by the formation of the so-called "knee": the flat tip of the symplastically growing cell is transformed into the tapered one to effectively intrude the surrounding tissues [8,19,22]. In hemp stem, such structures are observed at 1.8-2.0 mm from the very top (Figure 2A, B).…”

Section: Intrusive Elongation Of Primary and Secondary Fibersmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Tertiary cell wall, also named G-layer, is a fiber-specific cell wall type [19]. Its structure is based on the entrapment of RG-I by laterally interacting cellulose microfibrils.…”

Section: Cell Wall Thickeningmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is mainly attained by the special type of cell elongation: intrusive growth [11,17,19]. This process has an enormous, though often overlooked, effect on fiber yield and quality.…”

Section: Intrusive Elongation Of Primary and Secondary Fibersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Plant fibers are distinguished by their extreme length [11,[17][18][19]. It is mainly attained by the special type of cell elongation: intrusive growth [11,17,19].…”

Section: Intrusive Elongation Of Primary and Secondary Fibersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of Hemp Fibers: The Key Components of Hemp Plastic Composites

Tatyana¹,

Mikshina²,

Vadim³

et al. 2018

Natural and Artificial Fiber-Reinforced Composites as Renewable Sources

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Plant fibers in general and hemp fibers in particular have great prospects for their use in various innovative applications such as ecological, biodegradable, and renewable resources with unique properties. Such properties together with the increased strength due to high-cellulose content and specific morphological parameters are widely used to produce plant fiber-based plastic composites. The properties of plant fibers that may influence the properties of composites depend on crop processing, but the basis for them is provided during fiber development in planta. It is known that two types of bast fibers are developed in the hemp stem: primary fibers formed from procambium cells and secondary fibers that originate as a result of cambium activity. Both types of fibers may significantly vary in their yield and quality depending on the variety and growth conditions. Differences in the anatomical and morphological characteristics of the two types of hemp fibers, together with peculiarities in the composition and architecture of cell wall, influence the technical parameters of the raw material quality. Based on our study of both primary and secondary fiber development in hemp stem that was focused on the two key stages, intrusive elongation and deposition of thick cell wall layers, we suggest the set of parameters that can influence the quality of the mature fibers and trace their biological origin.

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Section: Intrusive Elongation Of Primary and Secondary Fibersmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Tertiary cell wall, also named G-layer, is a fiber-specific cell wall type [19]. Its structure is based on the entrapment of RG-I by laterally interacting cellulose microfibrils.…”

Section: Cell Wall Thickeningmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is mainly attained by the special type of cell elongation: intrusive growth [11,17,19]. This process has an enormous, though often overlooked, effect on fiber yield and quality.…”

Section: Intrusive Elongation Of Primary and Secondary Fibersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Plant fibers are distinguished by their extreme length [11,[17][18][19]. It is mainly attained by the special type of cell elongation: intrusive growth [11,17,19].…”

Section: Intrusive Elongation Of Primary and Secondary Fibersmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Development of Hemp Fibers: The Key Components of Hemp Plastic Composites

Tatyana¹,

Mikshina²,

Vadim³

et al. 2018

Natural and Artificial Fiber-Reinforced Composites as Renewable Sources

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“…The bulk of this biomass is comprised of cellulose, hemi-cellulose and lignin contained in the secondary cell walls of wood fibre cells (Gorshkova et al 2012). The biochemical and structural complexity of wood is determined largely by the coordinated expression of hundreds of regulatory, structural and biosynthetic genes (Aspeborg et al 2005;Mellerowicz and Sundberg 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diversity and cis-element architecture of the promoter regions of cellulose synthase genes in Eucalyptus

Creux

Castro

Ranik

et al. 2013

Tree Genetics & Genomes

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Lignocellulosic biomass from fast-growing plantation trees is composed of carbohydrate-rich materials deposited into plant cell walls in a coordinated manner during wood formation. The diversity and evolution of the transcriptional networks regulating this process have not been studied extensively. We investigated patterns of species-level nucleotide diversity in the -2 -promoters of cellulose synthase (CesA) genes from different Eucalyptus tree species and assessed the possible roles of DNA sequence polymorphism in the gain or loss of ciselements harboured within the promoters. Promoter regions of three primary and three secondary cell wall-associated CesA genes were isolated from 13 Eucalyptus species and were analysed for nucleotide and cis-element diversity. Species-level nucleotide diversity (π) ranged from 0.014 to 0.068 and different CesA promoters exhibited distinct patterns of sequence conservation. A set of 22 putative cis-elements were mapped to the CesA promoters using in silico methods. Forty two percent of the mapped cis-element occurrences contained singleton polymorphisms which resulted in either the gain or loss of a cis-element in a particular Eucalyptus species. The promoters of Eucalyptus CesA genes contained regions that are highly conserved at the species (Eucalyptus) and genus (with Arabidopsis and Populus) level, suggesting the presence of regulatory modules imposing functional constraint on such regions. Nucleotide polymorphisms in the CesA promoters more frequently created new cis-element occurrences than disrupted existing cis-element occurrences, a process which may be important for the maintenance and evolution of cellulose gene regulation in plants.

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Bark

Lev‐Yadun¹

2022

Encyclopedia of Life Sciences

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Bark comprises all the tissues outside the vascular cambium of seed plants. Most of the bark of woody plants develops from three secondary meristems: the vascular cambium that gives rise to the secondary phloem, the phellogen that gives rise to the cork and the dilatation meristem that produces parenchyma cells to prevent cracking when the axis increases in diameter. Some of the outer bark in young organs is made of primary tissues originating in the procambium, the ground meristem and the protoderm. Bark tissues have a critical role in defending plants from pathogens and herbivores through their physical and chemical properties. They also defend from environmental hazards such as sun irradiation, desiccation, wind, flooding, hail, snow and when the cork is thick, also from fire. The bark has a critical role in storage and transport of organic molecules and water, and in many plants contributes to photosynthesis. Many of the various defensive and toxic substances found in barks are used by humans as medicines, spices and for various industries. Gene exploring in barks that became more common in recent years is expected to result in identifying many beneficial molecules for agriculture, medicine, food and the industry. Key Concepts Bark comprises all the tissues outside the vascular cambium of a vascular plant. The majority of the bark of woody plants develops from three meristems: the vascular cambium that gives rise to the secondary phloem, the phellogen that gives rise to the cork and dilatation meristem that produces parenchyma cells to avoid cracking when the axis increases in diameter. The formation of the bark is regulated by several plant hormones, mainly auxin, ethylene, jasmonates and gibberellins. After wounding, the induced rise in the hormones ethylene and jasmonic acid induces the formation of defensive (wound) cork and traumatic resin or gum ducts in many species. The bark functions in storage, transport and defence from herbivores, pathogens and environmental stresses including sun irradiation and fire. Many bark products (e.g. fibres, food, medicine, resins, rubber, pigments, poisons, cork) have been used by humans since antiquity. Defence from herbivores included prickles, thorns, toxins, mechanical hardness, aposematic (warning) colouration, plant camouflage and undermining herbivore camouflage.

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Plant Fiber Formation: State of the Art, Recent and Expected Progress, and Open Questions

Cited by 137 publications

References 219 publications

Development of Hemp Fibers: The Key Components of Hemp Plastic Composites

Development of Hemp Fibers: The Key Components of Hemp Plastic Composites

Diversity and cis-element architecture of the promoter regions of cellulose synthase genes in Eucalyptus

Bark

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