Plant growth regulators in prunus persica. I. Isolation of gibberellins A5, A32, A32 acetonide and (+)-abscisic acid from Prunus persica.

Yamaguchi, Isomaro; Yokota, Takao; Murofushi, Noboru; Takahashi, Nobutaka; Ogawa, Yukiyoshi

doi:10.1271/bbb1961.39.2399

Cited by 14 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Many of the known gibberellins have been isolated from fruit tissue, particularly immature seeds (9). Bound or conjugated gibberellins more polar than that commonly associated with the free acids have been detected (10,11,15,17), and some have been shown to be glucosyl or glucoside conjugates (6,19,20,21). In two instances, GA32 was responsible for the observed biological activity (2, 18).…”

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Endogenous Plant Growth Substances in Developing Fruit of Prunus cerasus L

Bukovac¹,

Yuda²,

Murofushi³

et al. 1979

Plant Physiol.

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A polar gibberellin active in the dwarf rice (Oryza sadva L.) seedling and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) half-seed assays was extracted from immature sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) seed and identified as gibberellin A32 by gas-liquid chromatography and selected ion monitoring.Gibberellins are important growth substances in developing fruits (3,7,8,14). Many of the known gibberellins have been isolated from fruit tissue, particularly immature seeds (9). Bound or conjugated gibberellins more polar than that commonly associated with the free acids have been detected (10,11,15,17), and some have been shown to be glucosyl or glucoside conjugates (6,19,20, 21). In two instances, GA32 was responsible for the observed biological activity (2, 18). Earlier we reported gibberellin-like activity in an acidic butanol fraction of immature sour cherry seed extract that failed to release an active gibbereUlin on acid or enzymic hydrolysis (13). We now report the identification of the butanol-soluble gibberellin as GA32.MATERIALS AND METHODS Bioassays. Gibberellin-like activity was detected using the dwarf rice seedling and barley half-seed assays. The rice seedling test developed by Murakami (12) Barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Himalaya) seeds, selected for uniformity of size, were surface-sterilized in 3% sodium hypochlorite for 15 min. The seeds were cut in half and the cut surface of the endosperm half was positioned in contact with the paper disc (Fig. 1). The tray was sealed with tape and incubated in the dark for 40 to 48 hr at 30 C. After incubation, the barley half-seeds and paper discs were removed and the gel flooded with I2 KI solution (0.1% 12 and 1.0%1o KI) until sufficient blue-black color developed (Fig. 1). Clear unstained circular zones (response zones) around barley half-seeds depicted areas of starch hydrolysis in response to gibberellin-stimulated a-amylase synthesis. In preliminary studies we found that the diameter of the response zone was linearly related to the amount of GA3 over the range of I0-' to 10-2 tLg and, therefore, the diameter of the response zone was used as a relative measure of gibberellin activity. The linear regression equation was Y = 28.58 + 5.14 (log,o GA,) (r = 0.981**) over the range of l0-4 to 3 x 10-jig and Y = 30.47 + 5.70 (logio GA3) (r -0.986**) for 10-4 to 10-2' g. Seed Sample Preparation. Sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) fruit (approximately 20,000) were collected during early stage II of development (approximately 3 weeks after anthesis and before lignification of the endocarp), frozen immediately on dry ice, and stored until used at -29 C. Two seed samples were excised from frozen fruit. First, approximately 7,000 seeds (25 g dry weight)were lyophilized and processed for paper chromatography, TLC, and GLC. Second, a sample of about 800 g fresh weight was extracted immediately upon excision and processed primarily for mass spectrographic studies. The extraction and fractionation procedures used are outlined in Figure 2.Purification. The 1-butanol fraction from lyophili...

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confidence: 99%

Endogenous Plant Growth Substances in Developing Fruit of Prunus cerasus L

Bukovac¹,

Yuda²,

Murofushi³

et al. 1979

Plant Physiol.

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“…Immature seeds or fruits are rich in GAs,4 and the initial characterizations of GAs in higher plants has been from these tissues (5, 10, 11, 17, 25,26, and see references in Bearder [2]). Even though related species contain structurally similar GAs (2), the interconversion pathways and rapidity of metabolism may differ with the plant organ and its developmental stage (10)(11)(12).…”

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“…In the present work we examine the metabolism of [3H]GAs of varying substrate amounts in this tissue. MATERIALS (25) for peach seeds. This value for peach roughly agrees with the amount of GA5 quantified in these apricot seeds by the dwarf rice bioassay (4) (0.5 ng/g f.w.)…”

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“…As the amount of substrate GA3 increased, the amount of [3HI GA,-like substance (and its putative conjugate) increased, mainly at the expense of all other metabolites (except one eluting at the Rt of GA6, which also increased) (Table II) Large amounts of GA32 were present in these and other immature apricot seeds (4,5), and large amounts of GA32 were present in immature seeds of peach at varying stages of development (25,26). However, there was no significant conversion of [3H]GA5 to the [3H] metabolite eluting from the C18 HPLC at the Rt of authentic GA32 (Table II).…”

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“…Past work indicates the presence of modest amounts of GA5 (4,25,26) function as biologically active GAs in developing apricot seeds, the former, however, being rapidly metabolized to a conjugate. Future studies on the kinetics of endogenous GA concentrations in developing seeds should examine not only changes in free GAs, but, insofar as possible, changes in GA glucosyl conjugates.…”

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Metabolism of [³H]Gibberellin A₅ by Immature Seeds of Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.)

Bottini

Koshioka²,

Pharis³

et al. 1987

Plant Physiol.

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Immature seeds of apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) were fed the native gibberellin As (GAs) as 1-and 1,2-I3HIGAs (53 Curies per millimole to -16 milliCuries per millimole) at doses (42 nanograms to 10.6 micrograms per seed) 2 to 530 times the expected endogenous level. After 4 days of incubation, seeds were extracted and free jHjGA-like metabolites were separated from the highly H20-soluble VHimetabolites. For high specific activity feeds the retention times (Rts) of radioactive peaks were compared with Rts of authentic GAs on sequential gradient-eluted -. isocratic eluted reversed-phase Cl8 high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) -radiocounting (RC). From high substrate feeds (530 and 230 x expected endogenous levels) HPLC-RC peak groupings were subjected to capillary gas chromatography-selected ion monitoring (GC-SIM), usually six characteristic ions. The major free GA metabolites of 1H1 GA5 were identified as GA1, GA3, and GA6 by GC-SIM. The major highly water soluble metabolite of [3HIGAs at all levels of substrate GA5 had chromatographic characteristics similar to authentic GA1-glucosyl ester. Expressed as a percentage of recovered radioactivity, low substrate I3HIGAs feeds (2 x expected endogenous level) yielded a broad spectrum of metabolites eluting at the Rts where GA1, GA3, GA5 methyl ester, GA6, GA22, GA2,(17,14, 1.6,7, 1.1, 0.5%, respectively) and GA glucosyl conjugates of GA1, GA3, GA5, and GA8 (33,11,1, 0.1%, respectively) elute. Metabolites were also present at Rts where GA glucosyl conjugates of GA6 and GA29 would be expected to elute (8 and 0.1%, respectively). Only 5% of the radioactivity remained as GAs. Increasing substrate GA5 levels increased the proportion of metabolites with HPLC Rts similar to GA1, GA6, and especially GA1 glucosyl ester, primarily at the expense of metabolites with HPLC Rts similar to GA3, GA3-glucosyl ester, and a postulated conjugate of GA6. There was evidence that high doses of substrate GA5 induced new metabolites which often, but not always, differed from GA,, GA3, and GA6 in HPLC Rt. These same metabolites, when analyzed by GC-SIM yielded m/e ions the same as the M' and other characteristic m/e ions of the above GAs, albeit at differing GC Rt and relative intensities.

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Extraction, Purification, and Identification

Yokota¹,

Murofushi²,

Takahashi³

1980

Hormonal Regulation of Development I

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Plant growth regulators in prunus persica. I. Isolation of gibberellins A5, A32, A32 acetonide and (+)-abscisic acid from Prunus persica.

Cited by 14 publications

References 2 publications

Endogenous Plant Growth Substances in Developing Fruit of Prunus cerasus L

Endogenous Plant Growth Substances in Developing Fruit of Prunus cerasus L

Metabolism of [³H]Gibberellin A₅ by Immature Seeds of Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.)

Extraction, Purification, and Identification

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Plant growth regulators in prunus persica. I. Isolation of gibberellins A5, A32, A32 acetonide and (+)-abscisic acid from Prunus persica.

Cited by 14 publications

References 2 publications

Endogenous Plant Growth Substances in Developing Fruit of Prunus cerasus L

Endogenous Plant Growth Substances in Developing Fruit of Prunus cerasus L

Metabolism of [3H]Gibberellin A5 by Immature Seeds of Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.)

Extraction, Purification, and Identification

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Metabolism of [³H]Gibberellin A₅ by Immature Seeds of Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.)