“…The activation of induced defenses is coordinated by signaling networks, which include receptor-like kinases (RLKs); mitogen-activated protein kinase (MPK) cascades; and WRKY-, jasmonic acid (JA)-, jasmonoyl-isoleucine (JA-Ile)-, salicylic acid (SA)-, ethylene (ET)-and H 2 O 2 -mediated signaling pathways (Erb & Reymond, 2019;Schuman & Baldwin, 2016). The emerging view is that RLKs perceive herbivore-associated molecular patterns and stimulate MPK cascades (Wang, Feng, Zhou, & Tang, 2020;Zhang, Su, Zhang, Xu, & Zhang, 2018;Zipfel, 2014), which then activate transcription factors (TFs), including, for instance, WRKY TFs, at the transcriptional and/or post-translational levels (Jiang et al, 2017;Phukan, Jeena, & Shukla, 2016;Tsuda & Somssich, 2015). Both active MPKs and TFs regulate the signaling networks by activating or suppressing one or more components in different signaling pathways mediated by (among others) JA, SA, ET and reactive oxygen species (ROS) (Bakshi & Oelmuller, 2014;Hu et al, 2015;Li, Liu, et al, 2019).…”