Plant invasion and management in turf‐dominated waste landfills in South Korea

Abstract

A floristic survey was conducted in turf-dominated fields on some waste landfills in South Korea, to quantify the degree of plant invasion in those degraded lands. The dominant species, except turf (Zoysia japonica), were Conyza canadensis, Setaria viridis, Digitaria sanguinalis and Aster tripolium. Mean species number declined linearly with distance from the edge of the turf stands. Biomass of each species ranged between 0Á1 g and 122Á6 g, decreasing linearly with distance from the edge of the stand and declining exponentially with turf coverage. Mean soil moisture storage and organic matter content were 12Á59 per cent and 5Á81 per cent, respectively. Sum of relative cover, frequency and biomass of all species with environmental variables (distance from the stand edge, turf cover, soil moisture storage, soil organic matter content and the ratio of species number of exotic plants to that of native plants) were ordinated by DCA (detrended correspondence analysis). The first axis of the DCA was positively correlated with distance from the stand edge and turf cover and the second axis of the DCA was negatively correlated with soil organic matter content. Highly and lowly invasive species were indicated from DCA results. From analysis of dispersal type, barochore and anemochore were the most widespread of other dispersal types but it was suggested that anthropochore played an important role in plant invasion in these degraded wastelands. Establishment of an edge transition zone, enhancement of turf cover and reduction in traffic is recommended as management options for turf fields.

Recent Progress of Flower Colour Modification by Biotechnology

“…Cuttings must be struck in optimized conditions and roots do not form on discarded tissues. According to the numerous floras we have reviewed, including refuse sites [ 68 ] cultivated carnation has never been found growing wild, and efforts to locate wild carnation in production areas have been unsuccessful [ 59 ]. In experiments carried out in Colombia we have found that carnation deliberately planted in uncultivated habitats is unable to survive in competition with other plants.…”

Enhanced fitness due to higher fecundity, increased defence against a specialist and tolerance towards a generalist herbivore in an invasive annual plant

“…The seeds are highly volatile to the extent that they even reach the planetary boundary layer of the atmosphere (Shields et al 2006). C. canadensis is native to North America (Weaver 2001), but to date, it is globally distributed along roadsides, field margins and abandoned fields (Corlett 1992;Rozefelds et al 1999;Kim 2002;Weaver 2001;Prieur-Richard et al 2002). In Europe, it has been recorded as early as 1646 in Germany and 1690 in London (Wein 1932;Lohmeyer and Sukopp 1992;Clement and Foster 1994) and recently it has been reported as being introduced to New Zealand (Webb 1987).…”