Plant leaves as templates for soft lithography

Wu, Wenming; Guijt, Rosanne M.; Silina, Yuliya E.; Koch, Marcus; Manz, Andreas

doi:10.1039/c5ra25890a

Cited by 49 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…Adapted with permission from Ref. [103]); 3D masters (Adapted with permission from Ref. [108]); Dynamic masters (Scale bars are 50 μm.…”

Section: Established Soft Lithographic Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although traditional lithographic techniques provide powerful methods by which intricate geometries may be fabricated, nature has already provided many desirable structures with useful properties. Biological materials (e. g., butterfly wings, [100] shark skins, [101] rose petals, [102] plant leaves, [103] etc.) possess a range of desired properties/functions (e. g., superhydrophobicity, structural color, water harvesting, etc.)…”

Section: Natural Materials As Mastersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Emergent Soft Lithographic Tools for the Fabrication of Functional Polymeric Microstructures

2019

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Polymeric microstructures (PMs) are useful to a broad range of technologies applicable to, for example, sensing, energy storage, and soft robotics. Due to the diverse application space of PMs, many techniques (e. g., photolithography, 3D printing, micromilling, etc.) have been developed to fabricate these structures. Stemming from their generality and unique capabilities, the tools encompassed by soft lithography (e. g., replica molding, microcontact printing, etc.), which use soft elastomeric materials as masters in the fabrication of PMs, are particularly relevant. By taking advantage of the characteristics of elastomeric masters, particularly their mechanical and chemical properties, soft lithography has enabled the use of non‐planar substrates and relatively inexpensive equipment in the generation of many types of PMs, redefining existing communities and creating new ones. Traditionally, these elastomeric masters have been produced from relief patterns fabricated using photolithography; however, recent efforts have led to the emergence of new methods that make use of masters that are self‐forming, dynamic in their geometric and chemical properties, 3D in architecture, and/or sacrificial (i. e., easily removed/released using phase changes). These “next generation” soft lithographic masters include self‐assembled liquid droplets, microscale balloons, templates derived from natural materials, and hierarchically microstructured surfaces. The new methods of fabrication supported by these unique masters enable access to numerous varieties of PMs (e. g., those with hierarchical microstructures, overhanging features, and 3D architectures) that would not be possible following established methods of soft lithography. This review explores these emergent soft lithographic methods, addressing their operational principles and the application space they can impact.

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“…Adapted with permission from Ref. [103]); 3D masters (Adapted with permission from Ref. [108]); Dynamic masters (Scale bars are 50 μm.…”

Section: Established Soft Lithographic Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Natural Materials As Mastersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emergent Soft Lithographic Tools for the Fabrication of Functional Polymeric Microstructures

2019

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“…The polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) (Sylgard 184, Dow Corning) was prepared at a ratio of 20:1 w/w, base to curing agent. 43 The PDMS was thoroughly mixed, then degassed for 20 to 30 minutes in a vacuum desiccator (Z119016, Sigma-Aldrich), until no bubbles remained. The PDMS was then promptly poured onto the leaves affixed to the petri dish (Figure 1b).…”

Section: Growth Protocol For a Thaliana Plants Grown On Culture Medimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We conjecture this was due to the degradation of the leaf cuticle. 43 Once the PDMS was cured the petri dish was removed from the oven, and left to cool to room temperature. Once cool, the imprint was carefully peeled from the leaf sample (Figure 1c).…”

Section: Growth Protocol For a Thaliana Plants Grown On Culture Medimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…23,26,42 However, these protocols have some drawbacks: (1) the leaf can be exposed to excessive heat during curing, which results in the leaf shrivelling during curing, and subsequent loss of fidelity of the replica; (2) the leaf samples retain too much water, which results in the PDMS not curing on the leaf surface; and (3) leaf residue can remain affixed to the imprint. 23,26,42,43 This in turn affects the quality of the imprint and subsequent replica. 41 As a result, we developed a versatile protocol to maximise the fidelity of the leaf imprint, and subsequent replica leaf.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Replicating Arabidopsis Model Leaf Surfaces for Phyllosphere Microbiology

Soffe

Bernach

Remus-Emsermann

et al. 2019

Preprint

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words)Artificial surfaces are commonly used in place of leaves in phyllosphere microbiology to study microbial behaviour on plant leaf surfaces. Studies looking into individual environmental factors influencing microorganisms are routinely carried out using artificial surfaces.Commonly used artificial surfaces include nutrient agar, isolated leaf cuticles, and reconstituted leaf waxes. However, interest is growing in using microstructured surfaces mimicking the complex topography of leaf surfaces for phyllosphere microbiology. As such replica leaf surfaces, produced by microfabrication, are appearing in literature. Replica leaf surfaces have been produced in agar, epoxy, polystyrene, and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). However, these protocols are not suitable for replicating fragile leaves such as of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. This is of importance as A. thaliana is a model system for molecular plant genetics, molecular plant biology, and microbial ecology. Here we present a versatile replication protocol for replicating fragile leaf surfaces into PDMS. We display the capacity of our replication process using optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and contact angle measurements to compare living and PDMS replica A. thaliana leaf surfaces. To highlight the use of our replica leaf surfaces for phyllosphere microbiology, we visualised bacteria on the replica leaf surfaces in comparison to living leaf surfaces.

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3D Printing and Rapid Replication of Advanced Numerically Generated Rough Surface Topographies in Numerous Polymers

Perris

Kumar

et al. 2022

Adv Eng Mater

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An approach to rapidly produce high‐quality polymer surface topographies from numerically generated surfaces is presented. The approach uses an advanced surface generation tool to flexibly design surfaces with user‐defined topography characteristics over a large range of surface roughness. Roughness instances with root mean square roughness 25, 50, and 100 μm are studied. 3D printing is used to create a master surface and polymer casting and injection molding are employed to enable rapid replication in various polymers. The cross‐correlation ratio (CCR) and a mean difference approach were used to assess replication quality. Injection molding provides high throughput with high replication quality up to CCR ≈ 0.74. While casting in low‐viscosity polymer resins enables slightly improved high‐quality replication (CCR up to ≈0.82) with reduced throughput. Key results include the ability of the 3D‐printed surfaces to replicate tailored variations in surface topography (e.g., amplitude and frequency) and the importance of low viscosity resins in maximizing replication quality in polymer casting. Several interfacial and surface phenomena (both mechanical and biological) are sensitive to surface roughness. The main application lies in providing a valuable tool for research looking at topography influencing phenomena ranging from friction and lubrication to aerodynamic drag, algae growth, and cell growth.

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Plant leaves as templates for soft lithography

Cited by 49 publications

References 50 publications

Emergent Soft Lithographic Tools for the Fabrication of Functional Polymeric Microstructures

Emergent Soft Lithographic Tools for the Fabrication of Functional Polymeric Microstructures

Replicating Arabidopsis Model Leaf Surfaces for Phyllosphere Microbiology

3D Printing and Rapid Replication of Advanced Numerically Generated Rough Surface Topographies in Numerous Polymers

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