Plant‐made vaccines for humans and animals

Abstract

SummaryThe concept of using plants to produce high-value pharmaceuticals such as vaccines is 20 years old this year and is only now on the brink of realisation as an established technology. The original reliance on transgenic plants has largely given way to transient expression; proofs of concept for human and animal vaccines and of efficacy for animal vaccines have been established; several plant-produced vaccines have been through Phase I clinical trials in humans and more are scheduled; regulatory requirements are more clear than ever, and more facilities exist for manufacture of clinic-grade materials. The original concept of cheap edible vaccines has given way to a realisation that formulated products are required, which may well be injectable.The technology has proven its worth as a means of cheap, easily scalable production of materials: it now needs to find its niche in competition with established technologies. The realised achievements in the field as well as promising new developments will be reviewed, such as rapid-response vaccines for emerging viruses with pandemic potential and bioterror agents.

Plant Production of Vaccine Against HPV: A New Perspectives

“…The recent reports indicate very high yields of human vaccine candidates to be obtained via plastid transformation or large scale transient expression what could enable to meet the expected requirement of antigen for oral route as is required parenterally for the same immune response. A recent review on human trials of plant-based oral vaccines summarizing human studies of oral transgenic plant derived vaccines against enterotoxigenic E. coli infection, norovirus and HBV adds weight to the growing body of evidence that plant-made oral vaccines to these viruses are not only feasible, but could effective (Rybicki, 2010). Nevertheless there is still long way to go from improvement of antigen yields, to formulation of the vaccine including auxiliary factors improving efficacy and stability, to translation of the proposed vaccines into clinical trials and, not least, governmental and/or regulatory body approvals.…”

Plant expression systems for production of recombinant pharmaceutically important proteins

“…Отношение к использованию суспензий растительных клеток начало меняться после всплеска коммерческого интереса к получению рекомбинантных белков, столкнувшегося с отсутствием регулирующих законов и настороженностью по отношению к ГМО, особенно в Европе. Технология культивирования растительных клеток обеспечивает точное соблюдение условий выращивания клеток в от-личие от полевых условий, где существует погодная, климатическая, почвенная составляющие, а также влияние вредителей, травоядных животных и различных микроор-ганизмов (Rybicki, 2010;Fischer et al, 2012). Выращивание суспензионных культур клеток в стерильных реакторах не только элиминирует риск заражения культуры клеток микотоксинами и пестицидами (Hellwig et al, 2004;Fischer et al, 2012), но также снижает до минимума возможность переноса генетически модифицированных клеток в окру-жающую среду.…”

Expression, purification, and characterization of theNecator americanusaspartic protease-1 (Na-APR-1 (M74)) antigen, a component of the bivalent human hookworm vaccine

“…Furthermore for the purpose of vaccine manufacturing and safety concerns, plants do not harbor pathogens which can endanger humans. [17][18][19] The cost of producing a recombinant protein in transgenic plants as compared to E. coli or other expression hosts could be 10-50 fold lower depending on the plant strain used. 20 There are many examples of recombinant proteins manufactured in plants which are being used as effective vaccines for diseases such as influenza, anthrax, and plague.…”