Plant NLRs get by with a little help from their friends

Feehan, Joanna M.; Castel, Baptiste; Bentham, Adam R.; Jones, Jonathan D. G.

doi:10.1016/j.pbi.2020.04.006

Cited by 91 publications

(80 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…Some NLRs act as pairs in the immune system, with the NLR genes arranged in a head‐to‐head chromosomic orientation that enables their co‐expression (van Wersch & Li, 2019). These NLR pairs form a hetero‐complex consisting of an NLR that contributes to effector recognition, either by binding the effector, the integrated domain, the guardee or the decoy and an NLR that acts in the signalling transduction, contributing to convert the effector detection into defence activation (Baggs, Dagdas, & Krasileva, 2017; Feehan, Castel, Bentham, & Jones, 2020; Kroj et al, 2016). Another type of cooperation is provided by distinct helper NLR proteins, which safeguard or amplify downstream signalling triggered by other NLRs (Baggs et al, 2017).…”

Section: Pathogen Recognition and Triggering Of Hrmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another type of cooperation is provided by distinct helper NLR proteins, which safeguard or amplify downstream signalling triggered by other NLRs (Baggs et al, 2017). Differently from NLR pairs, these helpers do not physically interact with other NLRs (Baggs et al, 2017), but are required for the proper function of NLRs that act as sensors of effectors (Feehan et al, 2020). In general, CNLs are broader helpers of NLRs.…”

Section: Pathogen Recognition and Triggering Of Hrmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hypersensitive response: From NLR pathogen recognition to cell death response

Dalio

Paschoal

Arena

et al. 2020

Annals of Applied Biology

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A wide range of potentially plant pathogenic microorganisms are naturally present in the environment. Despite relying only on the innate immune system, plants are able to resist most of the pathogens. Plants employ a multi‐layered defence system in which the first layer triggers the basal resistance (pathogen‐associated molecular pattern‐triggered immunity [PTI]). The second layer occurs when a resistance protein (R protein) that mostly encodes nucleotide‐binding leucine‐rich repeat receptors (NLRs) recognises an effector molecule secreted by an adapted pathogen, leading to effector‐triggered immunity (ETI), which triggers the hypersensitive response (HR). More recently, ETI was shown to restore and potentiate PTI signalling components, leading to a robust immune response. Multiple mechanisms of regulation are employed to guarantee proper HR activation. NLR proteins can interact between them and form a heel‐like pentamer that anchors to the plasma membrane. Furthermore, NLRs and other proteins can cooperate with NLRs to propagate the immune signalling. Downstream to the recognition of the pathogen by the plant, a rapid cellular response is initiated involving the generation of signalling events that precedes the HR. Here, we summarise the mechanisms involved in HR and highlight new advances in the knowledge of the immune system signalling. We also approach the role of HR threshold during infection by biotrophic, necrotrophic and hemibiotrophic pathogens and the impact in plant fitness and the community of pathogens found in the environment.

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Section: Pathogen Recognition and Triggering Of Hrmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Pathogen Recognition and Triggering Of Hrmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypersensitive response: From NLR pathogen recognition to cell death response

Dalio

Paschoal

Arena

et al. 2020

Annals of Applied Biology

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show abstract

“…The latter include the nucleotide binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) (2). While some NLR immune receptors directly bind pathogen effector proteins, others monitor effectormediated alterations of host targets to activate effector-triggered immunity (ETI) (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8). ETI activation is often accompanied by localized cell death referred to as the hypersensitive response (HR).…”

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confidence: 99%

Structure of the activated Roq1 resistosome directly recognizing the pathogen effector XopQ

Martin

Zhang

et al. 2020

Preprint

186

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Plants and animals detect pathogen infection via intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) that directly or indirectly recognize pathogen effectors and activate an immune response. How effector sensing triggers NLR activation remains poorly understood. Here we describe the 3.8 Å resolution cryo-electron microscopy structure of the activated Roq1, an NLR native to Nicotiana benthamiana with a Toll-like interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain, bound to the Xanthomonas effector XopQ. Roq1 directly binds to both the predicted active site and surface residues of XopQ while forming a tetrameric resistosome that brings together the TIR domains for downstream immune signaling. Our results suggest a mechanism for the direct recognition of effectors by NLRs leading to the oligomerization-dependent activation of a plant resistosome and signaling by the TIR domain.

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“…The NLR “N-requirement gene 1” (NRG1), is required for the resistance to tobacco mosaic virus provided by the TIR-NLR, N ( 220 ). NRG1 is a member of the ADR1 (activated disease resistance 1) family of RPW8-NLRs, and since the discovery of NRG1, the RPW8-NLRs have been found to be important for the full function of many other CC-NLRs and TIR-NLRs ( 221 , 222 ). Another NLR network has recently been uncovered in solanaceous plants.…”

Section: Case Study 2: Integrated Hma Domains—exemplars Of Integratedmentioning

confidence: 99%

A molecular roadmap to the plant immune system

Bentham¹,

Concepcion²,

Mukhi³

et al. 2020

Journal of Biological Chemistry

115

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Plant diseases caused by pathogens and pests are a constant threat to global food security. Direct crop losses, and the measures used to control disease (e.g. application of pesticides), have significant agricultural, economic and societal impacts. Therefore, it is essential we understand the molecular mechanisms of the plant immune system, a system which allows plants to resist attack from a wide variety of organisms ranging from viruses to insects. Here, we provide a roadmap to plant immunity, with a focus on cell-surface and intracellular immune receptors. We describe how these receptors perceive signatures of pathogens and pests and initiate immune pathways. We merge existing concepts with new insights gained from recent breakthroughs on the structure and function of plant immune receptors, which have generated a shift in our understanding of cell-surface and intracellular immunity and the interplay between the two. Finally, we use our current understanding of the plant immunity as context to discuss the potential of engineering the plant immune system with the aim of bolstering plant defences against disease.

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Plant NLRs get by with a little help from their friends

Cited by 91 publications

References 66 publications

Hypersensitive response: From NLR pathogen recognition to cell death response

Hypersensitive response: From NLR pathogen recognition to cell death response

Structure of the activated Roq1 resistosome directly recognizing the pathogen effector XopQ

A molecular roadmap to the plant immune system

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