Plant Parasitic Nematodes and their management in crop production: a review

Abstract

Plant Parasitic Nematodes are small worm like transparent, bilateral symmetry, pseudocoelomate, multicellular, free living or parasitic microorganism which are predatory, aquatic, terrestrial, entopathogenic, ectoparasite, endoparasite, semi-endoparasite or sedentary. They cause substantial problems to major crops throughout the world, including vegetables, fruits, and grain crops. The root knot and cyst nematodes are economically important pests in numerous crops. Crop damage from nematodes is not readily apparent in most cases, and it often remains hidden by the many other factors limiting plant growth. In the past, the control of the nematodes has been based on the synthetic nematicides, the number of which has been drastically restricted in the EU because of their environmental side effects and subsequent restriction in European Union (EU) rules and regulations. Many other methods like cultural control, biological control, use of biotechnological tools and methods, use of resistant cultivars are tested and proven successful in controlling different species of nematodes all over the world. Alternatively, combinations of the different methods are proven to be highly effective both economically and environmentally.

Soil-Borne Nematodes: Impact in Agriculture and Livestock and Sustainable Strategies of Prevention and Control with Special Reference to the Use of Nematode Natural Enemies

“…Using chemical pesticides should be minimised, and their use should be considered only as a part of an integrated control using other sustainable strategies [60].…”

The Application of Bacillus thuringiensis to Treat Root Knots on Pogostemon cablin Benth

“…leads to the formation of root cavities, which hinders the absorption of nutrients and water. Other signs include wilting of the host plant, leaf yellowing, nutritional inadequacy, stunted and sluggish growth [8].…”

Use of Visible Spectral Index and Soybean Plant Variables to Study Hidden Nematicide Phytotoxicity

“…Control methods used for phytonematode management include eliminating crop residues, soil fallow and turning, balanced mineral nutrition, antagonist plants, biological control, organic fertilization, solarization, biofumigation, induction of plant resistance, exclusion, and seed biopriming [17][18][19][20][21]. In addition, planting resistant cultivars, crop rotation, and chemical control (nematicides) are frequently used to manage the phytonematodes.…”

“…Spectral vegetation indices can monitor the efficacy of phytonematode control through the symptoms observed on shoots and identify underlying phytotoxicity (not visible to the bare eye) caused by applied nematicides. Such early identification of stress in soybeans-caused by the root-knot nematode or its chemical treatment-might help control this pest and improve the chances of successful management [20,[46][47][48]. Therefore, this study evaluated the correlation between the chemical and biological control of phytonematodes and the possible occurrence and intensity of underlying phytotoxicity through chlorophyll contents and biometric parameters (leaf area and biomass).…”