“…For other monocots such as barley (Hordeum vulgare), wheat, rice, and sorghum, immature embryos remain the predominant transformation target, despite reports over the years of successfully initiating tissue culture responses from explants other than immature embryos. These alternative explants have included (1) leaf bases to initiate callus cultures in maize (Wenzler and Meins, 1986), rice (Ramesh et al, 2009), and wheat (Yu et al, 2012); (2) immature inflorescences to initiate cultures in sorghum (Brettell et al, 1980), wheat (Maddock et al, 1982;OziasAkins and Vasil, 1982), rice (Chen et al, 1985;Rout and Lucas, 1996), barley (Wen et al, 1991), tritordeum (Barcelo et al, 1994), and maize (Pareddy and Petolino, 1990); (3) multiple-shoot cultures from apical meristems in maize (Zhong et al, 1992); and (4) regenerable callus from mature seed-derived embryos in rice (Lee et al, 2002).…”