Plant Responses under Environmental Stress Conditions

Abstract

Considering increasing world population plants cultivation expanded in many poor areas. One of the most popular stress in soils is nutrient element depression. Moreover salinity and drought stress nowadays increased in the world. In order to improve plants tolerance to these conditions it necessary to realize plant mechanism under abiotic and biotic stresses. Plant tolerance to these stresses is dependent to their genetics, environmental situation and the combination of these two elements. This report gives an overview of the recent literature on the plants resistance limitation, physiological mechanism and symptoms of nutrient elements, salinity, drought and biotic stresses. The review will conclude by identifying several prospects for future researches aiming to improve the product resistance to the stress conditions. when compared to the younger leaves because of the high mobility of nitrogen through phloem. Nitrogen deficiency induces the chloroplast disintegration and loss of chlorophyll. Necrosis occurs at later stages and if nitrogen deficiency continues, it ultimately results in stunted growth and plant death. 15Plant responses under phosphorus deficiency: Phosphorus is the second important nutrient required by plants. It is an essential component of nucleic acids, phosphorylated sugars, lipids and proteins which control all life processes. Phosphorus forms high energy phosphate bonds with adenine, guanine and uridine which act as carriers of energy for many biological reactions. Plants with high growth rate require a large amount of available phosphorus which is often not found in many soils. Therefore, in an agriculture system, it is usually necessary to add P fertilizer to the soils.

Investigation of seed germination indices for early selection of salinity tolerant genotypes: a case study in wheat

“…In addition, as a limiting factor, salinity stress can adversely affect normal plant establishment (Houle et al, 2001;Pessarakli et al, 2015), reduce plant growth and development (Panuccio et al, 2014;Izadi et al, 2014;Pessarakli, 2015;Pakar et al, 2016), stunt plant growth and survival (Parida et al, 2005;Akhzari et al, 2016) in different ways, e.g., photosynthesis, nutritional condition, metabolism, drought stress, oxidative stress, membrane damage, and limited cell division (Aflaki Manjili et al, 2012;Houle et al, 2001;Panuccio et al, 2014). However, osmotic and ionic toxicity are more harmful than aforementioned factors (Panuccio et al, 2014).…”

Candidate halophytic grasses for addressing land degradation: Shoot responses ofSporobolus airoidesandPaspalum vaginatumto weekly increasing NaCl concentration

“…Soil salinization, as well as water quality and quantity, are major problems worldwide, especially in arid regions and areas with limited water resources (Miyamoto, Glenn, and Olsen 1996;Pessarakli 2011Pessarakli , 2015Pessarakli and McMillan 2014;Pessarakli, Haghighi, and Sheibanirad 2015). Arguably, one of the most central land management challenges for water-limited systems is maintaining adequate vegetation cover to prevent land degradation and desertification associated with erosion and soil salinization (Schlesinger et al 1990;Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA) 2005;Hill et al 2008).…”

Growth Responses of Sacaton Grass (Sporobolus airoides Torr.) and Seashore Paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum Swartz) Under Prolonged Drought Stress Condition

“…These plant species can be manipulated to modify their performance and increase their yield and productivity. Water shortage and its quality and quantity are major problems worldwide, especially in arid regions and areas with limited water resources and drought conditions [2,5,8,10,[13][14][15]. Water shortage and drought conditions are widespread and persis tent environmental problems in many regions, especially in desert areas and water-limited systems, and can lead to substantial reductions in soil productivity and fertility [2,16,17], water quality and quantity, and the timing and supply of ecosystem services such as soil formation, hydrologic partitioning, and stream flow generation [5].…”

“…Water shortage and drought conditions are widespread and persis tent environmental problems in many regions, especially in desert areas and water-limited systems, and can lead to substantial reductions in soil productivity and fertility [2,16,17], water quality and quantity, and the timing and supply of ecosystem services such as soil formation, hydrologic partitioning, and stream flow generation [5]. An effective strategy to enhance plant survival and recovery from drought stress is to use cultivars with superior drought tolerance [6,7,9,14,[19][20][21][22][23]. However, development of drought-tolerant cultivars is not simple because the trait is controlled by many physiological mechanisms and genes [24][25][26].…”

“…Conversion of arable lands to unusable agricultural lands and desertification processes caused by climate change, global warming, industrialization, and improper management practices is one of the greatest current environmental challenges. In arid regions, the rate of desertification and severity of drought is high and crop production is at risk [5][6][7][8][9]11,14]. In such circumstances, a mixture of initiatives and strategies may be required to prevent further desertification processes.…”