Plant sphingolipids: structural diversity, biosynthesis, first genes and functions

Sperling, Petra; Heinz, Ernst

doi:10.1016/s1388-1981(03)00033-7

Cited by 238 publications

(243 citation statements)

References 161 publications

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“…Thus, it appears that a decreased SPT activity, either by mutations or an enzymatic inhibitor of Because an impaired ceramide synthase causes PCD, the death signal(s) are likely the substrates of the enzyme. The currently known substrates of the enzyme include dh-sph and sph [10,12,13], which accumulate to substantially high levels upon treatment with FB 1 or AAL toxin in a variety of plant species [17,21,45] (see also Table 1) as well as several mammalian cell lines [14,52]. The observation that FB 1 causes massively increased sphingoid bases suggests that these compounds are key signal molecules that control plant PCD.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sphingolipids are not only essential components of cellular membranes, but also act as second messengers to regulate stress responses, cell proliferation and apoptosis [10][11][12][13]. De novo biosynthesis of sphingolipids is initiated by the condensation of serine and palmitoylCoA to produce 3-ketosphinganine (3-KDS) [10,13]. This reaction is catalyzed by serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT; EC 2.3.1.50), a heterodimeric complex consisting of two subunits of LCB1 and LCB2 localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Involvement of sphingoid bases in mediating reactive oxygen intermediate production and programmed cell death in Arabidopsis

et al. 2007

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Sphingolipids have been suggested to act as second messengers for an array of cellular signaling activities in plant cells, including stress responses and programmed cell death (PCD). However, the mechanisms underpinning these processes are not well understood. Here, we report that an Arabidopsis mutant, fumonisin B1 resistant11-1 (fbr11-1), which fails to generate reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs), is incapable of initiating PCD when the mutant is challenged by fumonisin B 1 (FB 1 ), a specific inhibitor of ceramide synthase. Molecular analysis indicated that FBR11 encodes a long-chain base1 (LCB1) subunit of serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT), which catalyzes the first rate-limiting step of de novo sphingolipid synthesis. Mass spectrometric analysis of the sphingolipid concentrations revealed that whereas the fbr11-1 mutation did not affect basal levels of sphingoid bases, the mutant showed attenuated formation of sphingoid bases in response to FB 1 . By a direct feeding experiment, we show that the free sphingoid bases dihydrosphingosine, phytosphingosine and sphingosine efficiently induce ROI generation followed by cell death. Conversely, ROI generation and cell death induced by dihydrosphingosine were specifically blocked by its phosphorylated form dihydrosphingosine-1-phosphate in a dosedependent manner, suggesting that the maintenance of homeostasis between a free sphingoid base and its phosphorylated derivative is critical to determining the cell fate. Because alterations of the sphingolipid level occur prior to the ROI production, we propose that the free sphingoid bases are involved in the control of PCD in Arabidopsis, presumably through the regulation of the ROI level upon receiving different developmental or environmental cues.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Involvement of sphingoid bases in mediating reactive oxygen intermediate production and programmed cell death in Arabidopsis

et al. 2007

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“…Whereas glucosylceramide is the unique glycosphingolipid that plants, fungi, and animals have in common, there are specific differences in the structure of the ceramide backbone. The sphingolipid found in the tobacco lipid rafts differs from those of animal membranes, which often have a 14-double bond and an ␣-hydroxy fatty acid only in a few cases (39). In plants, the most abundant amide-linked fatty acid was a ␣-hydroxypalmitic acid (Fig.…”

Section: Do Detergent-insoluble Membranes Exist In the Higher Plantmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lipid Rafts in Higher Plant Cells

Mongrand

Morel

Laroche

et al. 2004

Journal of Biological Chemistry

423

119

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A large body of evidence from the past decade supports the existence of functional microdomains in membranes of animal and yeast cells, which play important roles in protein sorting, signal transduction, or infection by pathogens. They are based on the dynamic clustering of sphingolipids and cholesterol or ergosterol and are characterized by their insolubility, at low temperature, in nonionic detergents. Here we show that similar microdomains also exist in plant plasma membrane isolated from both tobacco leaves and BY2 cells. Tobacco lipid rafts were found to be greatly enriched in a sphingolipid, identified as glycosylceramide, as well as in a mixture of stigmasterol, sitosterol, 24-methylcholesterol, and cholesterol. Phospho-and glycoglycerolipids of the plasma membrane were largely excluded from lipid rafts. Membrane proteins were separated by oneand two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and identified by tandem mass spectrometry or use of specific antibody. The data clearly indicate that tobacco microdomains are able to recruit a specific set of the plasma membrane proteins and exclude others. We demonstrate the recruitment of the NADPH oxidase after elicitation by cryptogein and the presence of the small G protein NtRac5, a negative regulator of NADPH oxidase, in lipid rafts.A new aspect of the lipid bilayer organization has arisen from biophysical and biochemical studies performed with animal cells for several years. Indeed, lipids are not uniformly miscible, but lateral separation of specific lipid species leads to the formation of specialized phase domains also called "lipid rafts" (1). The main role in the process of domain organization is played by sterols and sphingolipids, these latter interacting together through weak interaction between aliphatic chains stabilized by the presence of saturated alkyl chains, voids between sphingolipids being filled by sterols (for a review, see Ref.2). The cholesterol-sphingolipid-enriched domain formation is also enhanced by the fact that sphingolipids have higher melting temperatures than phospholipids. Regions between rafts are occupied by phospholipids, with unsaturated fatty acids forming a liquid-crystalline phase, whereas lipid rafts that contain more saturated aliphatic chains form a liquidordered phase. In model and biological membranes, the formation of the liquid-ordered phase correlates with resistance to solubilization by nonionic detergent such as Triton X-100 at 4°C and buoyancy at specific density in a sucrose gradient (3). Thus, isolation of detergent-insoluble membranes (DIM) 1 or detergent-insoluble glycolipid-enriched membrane domains is one of the most widely used methods for studying lipid rafts.In animal cells, these membrane domains act, for example, as sorting devices for the accumulation of acylated, glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored, palmitoylated signaling molecules that selectively locate in these domains. Tyrosine kinases of the Src family protein, heterotrimeric and small G-proteins, as well as phosphoinositides have been proved to be...

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“…Sphingolipids comprise a fatty acid N-linked to a long-chain base (LCB), usually with the addition of a polar head group to generate the mature lipid [1]. In mammals, the predominant LCB is sphingosine (Sph), whereas LCBs in plants are predominantly isomers of 4,8-sphingadienine and 4-hydroxy-8-sphingenine, such as phytosphingosine (Phyto-Sph) and dihydrosphingosine (DHS) [14].…”

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confidence: 99%

Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) mediates darkness-induced stomatal closure through raising cytosol pH and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels in guard cells in Vicia faba

She

Yang

2012

Sci. China Life Sci.

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The role and signaling of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) during darkness-induced stomatal closure were examined in Vicia faba. Darkness substantially raised S1P and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) levels and closed stomata. These darkness effects were significantly suppressed by DL-threo-dihydrosphingosine (DL-threo-DHS) and N,N-dimethylsphingosine (DMS), two inhibitors of long-chain base kinases. Exogenous S1P led to stomatal closure and H 2 O 2 production, and the effects of S1P were largely prevented by the H 2 O 2 modulators ascorbic acid, catalase, and diphenyleneiodonium. These results indicated that S1P mediated darkness-induced stomatal closure by triggering H 2 O 2 production. In addition, DL-threo-DHS and DMS significantly suppressed both darkness-induced cytosolic alkalization in guard cells and stomatal closure. Exogenous S1P caused cytosolic alkalization and stomatal closure, which could be largely abolished by butyric acid. These results demonstrated that S1P synthesis was necessary for cytosolic alkalization during stomatal closure caused by darkness. Furthermore, together with the data described above, inhibition of darkness-induced H 2 O 2 production by butyric acid revealed that S1P synthesis-induced cytosolic alkalization was a prerequisite for H 2 O 2 production during stomatal closure caused by darkness, a conclusion supported by the facts that the pH increase caused by exogenous S1P had a shorter lag and peaked faster than H 2 O 2 levels and that butyric acid prevented exogenous S1P-induced H 2 O 2 production. Altogether, our data suggested that darkness induced S1P synthesis, causing cytosolic alkalization and subsequent H 2 O 2 production, finally leading to stomatal closure.sphingosine-1-phosphate, cytosol pH, hydrogen peroxide, darkness, stomatal closure Citation:Ma Y L, She X P, Yang S S. Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) mediates darkness-induced stomatal closure through raising cytosol pH and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) levels in guard cells in Vicia faba. Sci China Life Sci, 2012, 55: 974 -983,

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Plant sphingolipids: structural diversity, biosynthesis, first genes and functions

Cited by 238 publications

References 161 publications

Involvement of sphingoid bases in mediating reactive oxygen intermediate production and programmed cell death in Arabidopsis

Involvement of sphingoid bases in mediating reactive oxygen intermediate production and programmed cell death in Arabidopsis

Lipid Rafts in Higher Plant Cells

Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) mediates darkness-induced stomatal closure through raising cytosol pH and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels in guard cells in Vicia faba

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