Plantar Pressure Distribution Patterns of Young School Children in Comparison to Adults

Hennig, Ewald M.; Staats, Anke; Rosenbaum, Dieter

doi:10.1177/107110079401500107

Cited by 160 publications

(167 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Contrary to the findings in adults, body weight was a major factor in the magnitude of pressures under the feet of school children aged between 6 and 10 y. 22 The present investigation is the first to study the pressure distribution under the feet of obese adults whilst standing and walking. It is important to acknowledge that numerous factors influence the execution of these movement tasks of daily living and as a consequence, considerable individual variability exists.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 44%

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Plantar pressure differences between obese and non-obese adults: a biomechanical analysis

et al. 2001

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OBJECTIVE:To investigate plantar pressure differences between obese and non-obese adults during standing and walking protocols using a pressure distribution platform. SUBJECTS: Thirty-five males (age 42.4 AE 10.8 y; 67 -179 kg) and 35 females (age 40.0 AE 12.6 y; 46 -150 kg) divided into obese (body mass index (BMI) 38.75 AE 5.97 kg=m 2 ) and non-obese (BMI 24.28 AE 3.00 kg=m 2 ) sub-groups, respectively. MEASUREMENTS: Data collection was performed with a capacitive pressure distribution platform with a resolution of 2 sensors=cm 2 (Emed F01, Novel GmbH, München). The measurement protocol included half and full body weight standing on the left, right and both feet, respectively, and walking across the platform, striking with the right foot. Pressures were evaluated for eight anatomical sites under the feet. RESULTS: For both men and women, the mean pressure values of the obese were higher under all anatomical landmarks during half body weight standing. Significant increases in pressure were found under the heel, mid-foot and metatarsal heads II and IV for men and III and IV for women. Foot width during standing was also significantly increased in obese subjects. For walking, significantly higher peak pressures were also found in both obese males and females. CONCLUSION: Compared to a non-obese group, obese subjects showed increased forefoot width and higher plantar pressures during standing and walking. The greatest effect of body weight on higher peak pressures in the obese was found under the longitudinal arch of the foot and under the metatarsal heads. The higher pressures for obese women compared to obese men during static weight bearing (standing) may be the result of reduced strength of the ligaments of the foot.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 44%

“…3 In addition, healthy normal-weight toddlers, 21 school children 11,22 and adults 23 Values are means and standard deviations. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plantar pressure differences between obese and non-obese adults: a biomechanical analysis

et al. 2001

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“…A summary of barefoot pressure transducer characteristics is given in Table 1. 2.2 Discrete sensors for in-shoe pressure measurement Two significant disadvantages of barefoot measurement systems are the inability to assess behaviour at the foot-shoe interface and the diffaculty of synchronising measurement to specific phases of the gait cycle (HENNIG et aL, 1994). In-shoe discrete transducers for measurement at selected plantar sites overcome these problems, Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing, July 1995 while introducing the problem of locating the transducers at the appropriate sites of interest ).…”

Section: Barefoot Load Distribution Measurementmentioning

confidence: 99%

An in-shoe laser Doppler sensor for assessing plantar blood flow in the diabetic foot

Cobb¹,

Claremont²

2001

Medical Engineering & Physics

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An in-shoe laser Doppler sensor for assessing plantar blood flow in the diabetic foot. Jonathan Edwin CobbPlantar ulceration is a complication of the diabetic foot prevalent in adults with type 11 diabetes mellitus. Although neuropathy, microvascular disease and biornechanical factors are all implicated, the mechanism by which the tissue becomes pre-disposed to damage remains unclear. Recent theories suggest that the nutritional supply to the tissue is compromised, either by increased flow through the arteriovenous anastomoses ('capillary steal' theory) or through changes in the micro vascu I ature (haemodynamic hypothesis). Clinical data to support these ideas has been limited to assessment of the unclad foot under rest conditions. A limitation of previous studies has been the exclusion of static and dynamic tissue loading, despite extensive evidence that these biornechanical factors are essential in the development of plantar ulceration. The present study has overcome these problems by allowing assessment of plantar blood flow, in-shoe, during standing and walking.The system comprises a laser Doppler blood flux sensor operating at 780nm, load sensor, measurement shoe, instrumentation, and analysis software. In-vitro calibration was performed using standard techniques. An in-vivo study of a small group of diabetic subjects indicated differences in the blood flux response between diabetic neuropaths, diabetics with vascular complications and a control group. For example, following a loading period of 120s, relative increases in response from rest to peak were: Control (150% to 259%), Vascular (-70% to 242%), Neuropathic (109%-174%) and recovery times to 50% of the peak response were: Control (33s to 45s), Vascular (43s to >120s), Neuropathic (>120s). Dynamic re-perfusion rates (arbitrary units per millisecond) obtained for the swing phase of gait were: Control (6.1 a. u/ms to 7.9 a. u/ms), Vascular (4 a. u/ms to 6.2 a. u/ms), Neuropathic (2.3 a. u/ms to 4.5 a. u/ms).

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“…After familiarisation trials to limit targeting of the pressure platform and to ensure the children were comfortable with the experimental procedures, each subject walked barefoot over the miniemed 1 platform at a consistent walking pace set by an accompanying walker's speed 16 and using the two-step method. 17 For the two-step method, the subject stood approximately 1.2 m in front of the mini-emed 1 platform, stepped onto the platform with their second foot strike and continued to walk over and past the plate for approximately 2 m. The two-step method was selected in preference to the one-step or mid-gait methods 18 as the young subjects tested in the present study had a greater chance of striking the platform without the need for excessive repeated trials. Furthermore, the two-step method has been shown to elicit pressure values in the fore-, mid-and rearfoot areas which are representative of the pressures recorded in the traditional mid-gait method.…”

Section: Plantar Pressure Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does obesity influence foot structure and plantar pressure patterns in prepubescent children?

2001

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OBJECTIVE: This study examined the effects of obesity on plantar pressure distributions in prepubescent children. DESIGN: Field-based, experimental data on BMI (body mass index), foot structure and plantar pressures were collected for 13 consenting obese children and 13 non-obese controls. SUBJECTS: Thirteen obese (age 8.1 AE 1.2 y; BMI 25.5 AE 2.9 kgam 2 ) and 13 non-obese (age 8.4 AE 0.9 y; BMI 16.9 AE 1.2 kgam 2 ) prepubescent children, matched to the obese children for gender, age and height. MEASUREMENTS: Height and weight were measured to calculate BMI. Static weight-bearing footprints for the right and left foot of each subject were recorded using a pedograph to calculate the footprint angle and the Chippaux ± Smirak index as representative measures of the surface area of the foot in contact with the ground. Right and left foot plantar pressures were then obtained using a mini-emed 1 pressure platform to calculate the force and pressure experienced under each child's foot during static and dynamic loaded and unloaded conditions. RESULTS: Obese subjects displayed signi®cantly lower footprint angle (t 4.107; P `0.001) values and higher Chippaux ± Smirak index values (t À6.176; P `0.001) compared to their non-obese counterparts. These structural foot changes were associated with differences in plantar pressures between the two subject groups. That is, although rearfoot dynamic forces generated by the obese subjects were signi®cantly higher than those generated by the non-obese subjects, these forces were experienced over signi®cantly higher mean peak areas of contact with the mini-emed 1 system. Therefore, rearfoot pressures experienced by the two subject groups did not differ. However, the mean peak dynamic forefoot pressures generated by the obese subjects (39.3 AE 15.7 N Á cm À2 ; q 3.969) were signi®cantly higher than those generated by the non-obese subjects (32.3 AE 9.2 N Á cm À2 ). CONCLUSIONS: It is postulated that foot discomfort-associated structural changes and increased forefoot plantar pressures in the obese foot may hinder obese children from participating in physical activity and therefore warrants immediate further investigation.

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Plantar Pressure Distribution Patterns of Young School Children in Comparison to Adults

Cited by 160 publications

References 8 publications

Plantar pressure differences between obese and non-obese adults: a biomechanical analysis

Plantar pressure differences between obese and non-obese adults: a biomechanical analysis

An in-shoe laser Doppler sensor for assessing plantar blood flow in the diabetic foot

Does obesity influence foot structure and plantar pressure patterns in prepubescent children?

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