Plants of the genus Spinacia: From bioactive molecules to food and phytopharmacological applications

Salehi, Bahare; Tumer, Tugba Boyunegmez; Ozleyen, Adem; Peron, Gregorio; Dall’Acqua, Stefano; Rajković, Jovana; Naz, Rabia; Nosheen, Asia; Mudau, Fhatuwani Nixwell; Labanca, Fabiana; Milella, Luigi; Tommasi, Nunziatina De; Coutinho, Henrique Douglas Melo; Sharifi‐Rad, Javad; Verma, Deepa; Martorell, Miquel; Martins, Natália

doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2019.03.028

Cited by 29 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 93 publications

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“…Spinach has been considered since ancient times as a food with functional properties that supports health maintenance [52,53]. It is of high nutritional value, with large contents of folates, vitamin A, C, and K, and minerals such as iron, magnesium, and manganese, allowing a substantial contribution to their respective recommended dietary allowances when consuming a single serving [53].…”

Section: Spinachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Food intake biomarkers for green leafy vegetables, bulb vegetables, and stem vegetables: a review

et al. 2020

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Background: Numerous studies acknowledged the importance of an adequate vegetable consumption for human health. However, current methods to estimate vegetable intake are often prone to measurement errors due to self-reporting and/or insufficient detail. More objective intake biomarkers for vegetables, using biological specimens, are preferred. The only concentration biomarkers currently available are blood carotenoids and vitamin C, covering total fruit and vegetable intake. Identification of biomarkers for specific vegetables is needed for a better understanding of their relative importance for human health. Within the FoodBAll Project under the Joint Programming Initiative "A Healthy Diet for a Healthy Life", an ambitious action was undertaken to identify candidate intake biomarkers for all major food groups consumed in Europe by systematically reviewing the existent literature. This study describes the review on candidate biomarkers of food intake (BFIs) for leafy, bulb, and stem vegetables, which was conducted within PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science for studies published through March 2019. Results: In total, 65 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility for leafy vegetables, and 6 full-text articles were screened for bulb and stem vegetables. Putative BFIs were identified for spinach, lettuce, endive, asparagus, artichoke, and celery, but not for rocket salad. However, after critical evaluation through a validation scheme developed by the FoodBAll consortium, none of the putative biomarkers appeared to be a promising BFI. The food chemistry data indicate that some candidate BFIs may be revealed by further studies. Conclusion: Future randomized controlled feeding studies combined with observational studies, applying a nontargeted metabolomics approach, are needed in order to identify valuable BFIs for the intake of leafy, bulb, and stem vegetables.

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Section: Spinachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Food intake biomarkers for green leafy vegetables, bulb vegetables, and stem vegetables: a review

et al. 2020

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“…Not only does SO has a traditional history of direct application on the face for anti‐freckles, whitening effects, but also both freeze‐dried and natural extract of SO causes a significant reduction in melanin content 7 . Together with antioxidant potential, melanin inhibiting properties of SO present it as a potential candidate for plant based depigmenting and skin rejuvenating cosmetic products 8 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…7 Together with antioxidant potential, melanin inhibiting properties of SO present it as a potential candidate for plant based depigmenting and skin rejuvenating cosmetic products. 8 Permeation of active constituents through stratum corneum and physicochemical stability of topical emulsified systems have always been a challenge and require the incorporation of more ingredients or the use of more unit operations during the manufacturing process. 9 Where most studies report costly and complex hetero-dispersed systems as nanogels or polymeric nanoparticles which require the incorporation of more ingredients; ultra-high pressure homogenization is one of the most promising, practical, and cost-effective strategies for the development of micrometric and nanometric emulsified systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development, characterization, and clinical investigation of Spinacia oleracea‐based ultra‐high pressure homogenized emulsion system for facial physiological parameters

Saleem

Jamil

Khan

et al. 2022

J of Cosmetic Dermatology

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Background Spinacia oleracea (SO) exhibits radical scavenging and tyrosinase inhibition activity indicating potential as a depigmenting agent. Aims To develop and characterize a stable emulsified system containing SO extract through ultra‐high pressure homogenization, evaluate skin permeability, and enumerate in vivo performance in terms of melanin index, skin spots analysis, and related skin physiological parameters. Method Free radical scavenging and tyrosinase inhibition potential of SO extract was quantified through DPPH radical scavenging and mushroom tyrosinase inhibition assay, respectively. Six SO extract loaded ultra‐high pressure emulsified systems (UHSO) were developed using ultra‐high pressure homogenizer and assessed for size and polydispersity index (PDI). Among the prepared formulations, the optimized formulation (UHSO6) was subjected to 90 days stability studies performed at 8°C, 25°C, 40°C, and 40°C+75% RH (relative humidity) for organoleptic features, pH, and rheology. Ex vivo skin permeability studies were performed on abdominal skin from male albino rat. Changes in skin physiological parameters were evaluated in healthy female volunteers (n = 13) for 12 weeks utilizing mexameter®, corneometer®, and sebumeter®. Skin spots were analyzed through computerized analysis of high‐resolution images by visioFace®. Results SO extract exhibited promising antioxidant (88±0.0096%) and tyrosinase inhibition potential (90.6 ± 0.0015 mg of Kojic Acid Eq/g of extract). Optimized UHSO was found to be stable with respect to stability evaluation, globule size (1110 nm), zeta potential (−27.6), and PDI (0.34). Ex vivo skin permeation of UHSO was significantly higher than SO loaded coarse emulsion. Moreover, the formulation showed a significant decrease in skin melanin, spot count, and spot % area, whereas skin hydration index was improved significantly. Conclusion Stable SO extract loaded emulsion system was successfully developed by a novel, cost‐effective technique of ultra‐high pressure homogenization which showed improved performance in terms of skin permeation and other skin physiological parameters.

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“…Poor management and fewer treatment options with more side effects have aggravated the problem. In this context, natural products derived from plants are recommended as a safer substitute and are being used by humans since ancient times [7]. Diabetes and hypertension disorders are treated by many herbal remedies and maintain the health of individuals around the whole world.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antioxidant, Antidiabetic and Structural Analysis of Spinacia Oleracea Leaf

Hussain

Kayani²,

Bashir³

2022

PJBB

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Medicinal plants have been conventionally used to sustain health and treat many diseases such as diabetes for years. Spinacia oleracea L., common name palak, belong to the class Amaranths and family Amaranthaceous. It is used as an anti-bacterial, antidiabetic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective agent. In this study, methanol, ethanol, n-hexane and aqueous extracts of the Spinacia oleracea leaf were used to evaluate antioxidant contents, antioxidant activity, antidiabetic activity (inhibition of glycation, alpha amylase, alpha glucosidase, acetylchlinesterase). Additionally, identification of bioactive compounds and functional groups was done by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Among all the extracts, total phenol and flavonoid contents were 32.09 ± 0.99 g GAE/100 g to 78.38 ± 1.15 g GAE/100 g and 22.77 ± 0.16 g CE/100 g to 54.56 ± 0.87 g CE/100 g. While DPPH reducing activity range was 45.14% -75.77%. Methanol extract was most potent as it extracted maximum antioxidant contents. Glycation and alpha amylase inhibition percentages were 15.31 to 34.28 and 19.83-36.32 among all tested samples of spinach. Whereas, 12.67-43.77% and 17.3% to 28.04% blocking of alpha glucosidase and acetylcholinesterase activities were observed. HPLC analysis identified various flavonoids and phenolics acids such as quercetin, gallic acid, caffeic acid, sinopic acid, cinnamic acid. FTIR showed that S. oleracea contains several phenols, amines, alkaloids, alcohols and fluoro compounds in the methanolic leaves extract. This research indicated that S. oleracea has wide potential to be further investigated in the future and it can prove as a wonderful natural drug for healthcare systems in the upcoming years.

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Plants of the genus Spinacia: From bioactive molecules to food and phytopharmacological applications

Cited by 29 publications

References 93 publications

Food intake biomarkers for green leafy vegetables, bulb vegetables, and stem vegetables: a review

Food intake biomarkers for green leafy vegetables, bulb vegetables, and stem vegetables: a review

Development, characterization, and clinical investigation of Spinacia oleracea‐based ultra‐high pressure homogenized emulsion system for facial physiological parameters

Antioxidant, Antidiabetic and Structural Analysis of Spinacia Oleracea Leaf

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