Plaque antibacterial levels following controlled food intake and use of a toothpaste containing 2% zinc citrate and 0.3% Triclosan

Hall, Peter; Green, A.K.; Horay, C.P.; Brabander, Sang De; Beasley, Tim; Cromwell, V.J.; Holt, J.S.; Savage, D.J.

doi:10.1111/j.1875-595x.2003.tb00913.x

Cited by 20 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…This trend reflects rapid clearance of loosely‐bound zinc followed by slower clearance of more firmly‐bound zinc 57 , as is the case for fluoride. A similar trend is seen in plaque, but elevated concentrations can persist for at least 12 hours after application 44,45,50 . Repeated application of zinc has shown that a build‐up effect occurs in plaque 45,50 , as for fluoride 41 .…”

Section: Zinc Applied From Toothpastes and Rinsesmentioning

confidence: 70%

Zinc in the mouth, its interactions with dental enamel and possible effects on caries; a review of the literature

Lynch

2011

International Dental Journal

137

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Zinc is an essential trace element. In the mouth, it is present naturally in plaque, saliva and enamel. Zinc is formulated into oral health products to control plaque, reduce malodour and inhibit calculus formation. It has good oral substantivity, and elevated concentrations can persist for many hours in plaque and saliva following delivery from mouthrinses and toothpastes. Although low concentrations of zinc can both reduce enamel demineralisation and modify remineralisation, during caries clinical trials, the addition of zinc to fluoride toothpastes has not affected their ability to reduce caries. Mechanistic studies may help explain this apparent contradiction. Zinc is readily desorbed from hydroxyapatite by calcium, which is plentiful in plaque and saliva. Where crystal-growth sites remain occupied by zinc despite this, they may simply be 'over-grown' by remineralisation initiated at unoccupied sites. Further, under certain conditions, low concentrations of zinc can enhance remineralisation of enamel lesions, by retarding lesion arrestment. Although this may help to explain the apparent lack of an overall zinc effect on caries, it seems unlikely that any negative effects would be countered exactly by positive effects. Further mechanistic studies, complementing well-designed in vitro and in situ caries studies, should lead to further understanding of the zinc-enamel interactions relevant to demineralisation and remineralisation.

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Section: Zinc Applied From Toothpastes and Rinsesmentioning

confidence: 70%

Zinc in the mouth, its interactions with dental enamel and possible effects on caries; a review of the literature

Lynch

2011

International Dental Journal

137

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“…Previous work (e.g. Hall et al 3 ) had indicated that approximately 45 subjects would be required (in a cross-over study design) to meet the objectives of the study. Adult volunteers who had general good health and did not suffer from overt oral health problems were enrolled in the study.…”

Section: Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Subjects then used the test toothpaste at home for one week and a second plaque sample was taken, again 12h after last tooth brushing. Triclosan concentration in baseline and post-use plaque samples was determined as described by Hall et al 3 . The procedures (including the wash-out phase) were repeated and total zinc concentration in baseline and post-use plaque samples were determined as described by Hall et al 3 .…”

Section: Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

In vivo evaluation of an oral health toothpaste with 0.1% vitamin E acetate and 0.5% sunflower oil (with vitamin F)

Schäfer

Adams

Nicholson

et al. 2007

International Dental Journal

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Objectives: To measure the delivery of active ingredients of a new oral health toothpaste with zinc citrate trihydrate/triclosan and containing α‐tocopherol acetate (vitamin E) and sunflower oil (vitamin F) and compare its anti‐plaque/anti‐ginigvitis efficacy to that of a clinically proven control toothpaste. Methods: The new toothpaste contained 0.1% vitamin E acetate (α‐tocopherol acetate) and 0.5% sunflower oil as a source for vitamin F (linoleic acid). It also included an anti‐caries agent (0.32% sodium fluoride) and a proven gum‐health active system (0.3% triclosan and 0.75% zinc citrate trihydrate). Three studies were carried out. In study 1 (n=45) the bio‐availability of zinc and triclosan was measured in plaque 12h after brushing with the test toothpaste. In study 2 (n=93) the effect of the test toothpaste on plaque and gingival condition was investigated over three weeks in a randomised, parallel, double‐blind, controlled design. The control toothpaste was a fluoride toothpaste containing 0.3% triclosan. Healthy adult volunteers with GI>1.0 were enrolled and given a full mouth scale and polish. Plaque levels (Modified Quigley and Hein Index) and gingival condition (Gingival Index) were assessed at baseline and after three weeks. Study 3 (n=93) lasted for nine weeks. Subjects did not receive a full mouth scale and polish at baseline but the study was otherwise identical to study 2. Results: In study 1, no triclosan was detected in baseline plaque samples; mean triclosan concentration in plaque 12h after last brushing with the test toothpaste was 5.78μg/g (std=4.74); the mean zinc concentration rose from 15.2μg/g zinc ion in baseline plaque samples to 84.3μg/g zinc ion (p>0.0001) in samples taken 12h after brushing. In study 2, mean plaque and gingival indices were significantly reduced in both test and control group after three weeks compared to baseline; there was no significant difference between the test and control group after three weeks. In study 3, mean plaque and gingival indices were significantly reduced in both test and control group after three and nine weeks compared to baseline; there was no significant difference between the test and control group after three and nine weeks. Conclusion: The delivery of zinc and triclosan from a new oral health toothpaste containing zinc citrate trihydrate and triclosan was unaffected by the addition of α‐tocopherol acetate (vitamin E) and sunflower oil (vitamin F). The new toothpaste was effective in reducing plaque levels and improving gingival conditions to the same degree as a clinically proven positive control. Regular oral hygiene with this toothpaste is therefore beneficial for maintaining healthy and strong gums.

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“…Hall et al [77] also observed a small but significantly elevated concentration of triclosan following 2 week's use of the above-mentioned toothpaste, 8.6 μg/g, compared to the baseline control value of <0.1 μg/g.…”

Section: Other Active Ingredientsmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…This is most marked for zinc. Whilst baseline plaque zinc concentrations have been reported in the range 10-30 μg/g [73], Hall et al [77] observed a mean value of 149 μg/g 12 h after last brushing with a 0.3% triclosan/2% zinc citrate toothpaste that had been used twice daily for 2 weeks by 43 adults. This value is comparable to the zinc concentration of 153 μg/g recorded by Creeth et al [69] 10 min after a single brushing with a 0.3% triclosan/0.75% zinc citrate paste.…”

Section: Other Active Ingredientsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Pharmacokinetics in the Oral Cavity: Fluoride and Other Active Ingredients

Duckworth¹

2013

Monographs in Oral Science

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Modern commercial toothpastes contain therapeutic ingredients to combat various oral conditions, for example, caries, gingivitis, calculus and tooth stain. The efficient delivery and retention of such ingredients in the mouth is essential for good performance. The aim of this chapter is to review the literature on the oral pharmacokinetics of, primarily, fluoride but also other active ingredients, mainly anti-plaque agents. Elevated levels of fluoride have been found in saliva, plaque and the oral soft tissues after use of fluoridated toothpaste, which persist at potentially active concentrations for hours. Both experiment and mathematical modelling suggest that the soft tissues are the main oral reservoir for fluoride. Qualitatively similar observations have been made for anti-plaque agents such as triclosan and metal cations, though their oral substantivity is generally greater. Scope for improved retention and subsequent efficacy exists.

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Plaque antibacterial levels following controlled food intake and use of a toothpaste containing 2% zinc citrate and 0.3% Triclosan

Cited by 20 publications

References 13 publications

Zinc in the mouth, its interactions with dental enamel and possible effects on caries; a review of the literature

Zinc in the mouth, its interactions with dental enamel and possible effects on caries; a review of the literature

In vivo evaluation of an oral health toothpaste with 0.1% vitamin E acetate and 0.5% sunflower oil (with vitamin F)

Pharmacokinetics in the Oral Cavity: Fluoride and Other Active Ingredients

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