Plaque fluid pH, calcium and phosphorus responses to calcium food additives in a chewable candy

Rankine, C.A.N.; Prihoda, Thomas J.; Etzel, Kenneth R.; Labadie, Dominique

doi:10.1016/0003-9969(89)90033-2

Cited by 16 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Previous studies where a decrease in plaque fluid pH was produced by the in vivo administration of sucrose (Rankine et al, 1985(Rankine et al, , 1989Margolis and Moreno, 1992;Margolis et al, 1993) exhibited an increase in total calcium, which is consistent with the free calcium values measured in the current experiments (Table 2). However, the increase in total phosphate observed here has been found in some studies (Rankine et al, 1985;Margolis and Moreno, 1992) but not in others (Rankine et al, 1989;Margolis et al, 1993).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…However, the increase in total phosphate observed here has been found in some studies (Rankine et al, 1985;Margolis and Moreno, 1992) but not in others (Rankine et al, 1989;Margolis et al, 1993). Although phosphate utilization of cells has been postulated to explain the lack of increase in these in vivo studies (Margolis and Moreno, 1992), this mechanism would not be expected to be of significance in the fasted samples used in the current experiment, where the pH drop was induced by HCl addition rather than by sucrose.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 65%

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Effect of in vitro Acidification on Plaque Fluid Composition With and Without a NaF or a Controlled-release Fluoride Rinse

Vogel¹,

Zhang²,

Chow

et al. 2000

J Dent Res

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Plaque fluid ion concentration changes, especially fluoride, in response to the pH decrease associated with a cariogenic episode are important components of the caries process. A "controlled-release" (CR) fluoride rinse, based on the controlled release of fluoride in the presence of calcium, has been shown to form large fluoride reservoirs in resting plaque. In this study, the in vitro acid-induced release of fluoride, and other ions, was examined in 48-hour-fasted plaque fluid from subjects (n = 11) who received no rinse, or who used a 228-ppm CR or NaF fluoride rinse 1 hr before being sampled. After collection, the plaque was centrifuged to yield plaque fluid, acidified (0.1 microL of 0.5 mol/L HCl per milligram plaque), and then re-centrifuged before a second sample was obtained. Although previous studies indicated a higher plaque fluid fluoride after the new rinse relative to NaF, no statistically significant difference was observed here. Average fluoride release after acidification (average pH, 5.2) was statistically greater following the use of the CR rinse (153 micromol/L) compared with the NaF rinse (17 micromol/L). No fluoride release was seen in the no-rinse samples. The pH, free calcium, phosphate, acetate, propionate, and buffer capacity were not affected by the different amounts of fluoride deposited in the plaque. However, following acid addition, an increase in free calcium and phosphate was observed, which was also independent of the rinse. The large release of fluoride following acidification suggests that the new rinse may provide an improved cariostatic effect.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 65%

Effect of in vitro Acidification on Plaque Fluid Composition With and Without a NaF or a Controlled-release Fluoride Rinse

Vogel¹,

Zhang²,

Chow

et al. 2000

J Dent Res

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“…The rise in Ca 2z concentration in plaque¯uid when pH falls (4,5), possibly originating from cell wall-bound Ca (6) and/or plaque mineral deposits (7), would tend to counteract the effect of H z on apatite saturation. Phosphate and¯uoride levels in plaque¯uid, on the other hand, do not appear to change signi®cantly after sugar rinsing (8,9) and, while pHsensitive release mechanisms have been postulated (10,11), these effects may be more or less negated by simultaneous uptake by bacterial cells through metabolic phosphorylation reactions (12) and intracellular diffusion of HF (13).…”

mentioning

confidence: 95%

Effect of in situ plaque mineral supplementation on the state of saturation of plaque fluid during sugar‐induced acidogenesis

Pearce¹,

Margolis²,

Kent³

1999

European J Oral Sciences

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Dental plaque fluid is normally supersaturated with respect to enamel mineral but this may change to a state of undersaturation when plaque pH falls following sugar exposure, placing the adjacent enamel at risk of caries. We have determined the saturation status of the fluid in both resting and fermenting plaque following mineral supplementation. Eleven subjects abstained from oral hygiene and rinsed their mouth 3 times/d for 3 d with a placebo solution or with test solutions designed to enrich plaque with hydroxyapatite or fluorhydroxyapatite. On the morning of day 4, plaque samples were collected before and after exposure to 10% sucrose. Compared to the placebo, use of the test rinses resulted in significantly higher concentrations of Ca, P and F in plaque residue. In plaque fluid, higher post-sucrose Ca2+ free concentrations and saturation levels with respect to enamel mineral and fluorapatite were found after use of the hydroxyapatite rinse compared to the placebo, effects that probably resulted from the release of cell-bound Ca2+ as well as from the dissolution of apatite. Thus, some evidence was obtained that the test mouthrinses can counteract the fall in saturation level found when plaque is exposed briefly to sucrose. Potential long-term benefits of the test mouthrinses deserve further study.

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“…Besides fluoride, increased intraoral concentrations of phosphate and particularly calcium have also been associated with a cariostatic effect [Ashley and Wilson, 1977a;Forward, 1994;Margolis and Moreno, 1994], and a number of treatment regimens have attempted to increase the concentration of these ions in saliva, and especially plaque, by the formation of labile oral reservoirs [Ashley and Wilson, 1977b;Rankine et al, 1989;Vogel et al, 1998, Pearce et al, 1984. However, fluoride rinses, especially the calciumcontaining CR rinse, may alter the amount of these ions or induce the formation of relatively non labile mineral phases, such as fluorapatite or hydroxyapatite.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of a Water Rinse on ‘Labile’ Fluoride and Other Ions in Plaque and Saliva before and after Conventional and Experimental Fluoride Rinses

et al. 2001

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Labile reservoirs are important in maintaining ion concentrations in oral fluids, especially after a fluoride dentifrice application, where a persistent increase in fluid fluoride can mitigate or reverse caries progression. In this study, the effect of experimental and conventional fluoride rinses on the in vitro and in vivo water–induced release of fluoride, calcium, phosphate, acetate and hydrogen ions from oral reservoirs was examined. At the start of each experiment, 13 subjects rinsed either with a conventional 228–ppm fluoride NaF rinse, a 228–ppm fluoride controlled–release rinse (CR rinse) or received no rinse. Sixty minutes later upper and lower molar plaque samples and 1–min saliva samples were collected. The subjects then rinsed with deionized water for 1 min, and 7 min later, a second set of samples was collected (in vivo study). Plaque fluid and clarified saliva were then recovered from samples by centrifugation, and the remaining plaque mass was sequentially extracted with water and acid to measure the water–extracted and total whole–plaque fluoride (in vitro study). All the samples were analyzed using microtechniques for pH, free calcium, phosphate, organic acids (plaque fluid) and fluoride (plaque fluid, centrifuged saliva and plaque extracts). Results showed that in vivo water rinsing decreased acetate and phosphate in plaque fluid, and fluoride in plaque fluid and saliva, but had no effect on plaque fluid pH. In vivo water rinsing, however, increased plaque fluid free calcium, apparently due to water–induced loss of calcium–binding ions. Water– or fluoride–rinse–induced changes in plaque fluid concentration were greater at the lower molar site, suggesting that rinse pooling may influence ion distribution. Before the water rinse, plaque fluid, saliva and whole–plaque total fluoride values were 1.7, 2 and 4 times higher after the CR rinse compared to the NaF rinse. Furthermore, the CR rinse deposited approximately 11 times more water–extracted fluoride compared to the NaF rinse, suggesting a ‘more efficient’ precipitation of ‘labile’ or ‘loosely bound fluoride’. The results presented here, and in previous studies, suggest the possibility of formulating effective fluoride dentifrices with a lower fluoride content than is currently in use.

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Plaque fluid pH, calcium and phosphorus responses to calcium food additives in a chewable candy

Cited by 16 publications

References 13 publications

Effect of in vitro Acidification on Plaque Fluid Composition With and Without a NaF or a Controlled-release Fluoride Rinse

Effect of in vitro Acidification on Plaque Fluid Composition With and Without a NaF or a Controlled-release Fluoride Rinse

Effect of in situ plaque mineral supplementation on the state of saturation of plaque fluid during sugar‐induced acidogenesis

Effect of a Water Rinse on ‘Labile’ Fluoride and Other Ions in Plaque and Saliva before and after Conventional and Experimental Fluoride Rinses

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