Plasma-assisted nitrogen fixation in water with various metals

Abstract

In this study, nitrogen fixation in water was achieved using an atmospheric pressure non-thermal nitrogen plasma jet generated by an AC driven source of 10 kV (peak) power supply with...

Recent Progress in Applications of Non-Thermal Plasma for Water Purification, Bio-Sterilization, and Decontamination

“…At low pressure, n e of non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma (NTAPP) is approximately 10 8 -10 14 cm −3 [29][30][31] and the electron-neutral impact energy is not sufficient to reach thermal equilibrium. Consequently, T g is close to room temperature [29], T e remains in the range of a few electron volts, and only a few watts of power are consumed [32][33][34][35]. NTAPP can be produced in ambient air at standard temperature and pressure with the help of gases such as He, Ne, Ar, O, N, and air; thus, it does not require an expensive vacuum device.…”

“…In the indirect method, both electrodes lie above the target/water, plasma is produced above the water, and the reactive species from the plasma diffuse into the water, meaning that there is a contact surface. When the plasma is directly exposed to the water, electrons and reactive O species (ROS) are transported to the plasma-water interface and ultimately solvated into the bulk volume [34,45]. C. In the bubbling method, plasma is produced inside bubbles and injected into the water.…”

“…Some of them are short-lived, such as OH radicals, O N, and 1 O2 [33]. The RONS are formed due to the energy associated with the colli between accelerating electron and neutrals and are referred as primary reactive sp Electrons (e − ), ionized neutrals and gas (M + ), excited neutrals and gas (M * ), N, O, at H, NO, and O2* -are formed in the gas phase immediately after the collision [34,65]. T species are called primary reactive species [67], and their intensities within the pl region are very high.…”

“…The primary reactive species are transformed into other reactive species such as H 2 O 2 , NO 2 , NO 3 , and O 3 [30] in the ambient environment to form secondary reactive species [67]. The RONS produced in the gas phase reach the liquid phase (or another target) and are dissolved, forming tertiary reactive species [67] [34,70]. When these reactive species dissolve in liquid, the pH of the target liquid decreases by up to 2 depending upon the plasma source, working gas, power source, treatment time, and sample volume [70].…”

Electrochemical oxidation of molecular nitrogen to nitric acid – towards a molecular level understanding of the challenges

“…Only very high temperatures or plasmas enable reasonable reaction rates. [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] Electrochemical oxidative xation of molecular nitrogen (Fig. 1) appears to be a very attractive approach to drive the endothermic reaction at ambient conditions, where the electricity needed can come from the renewable energy sources making the process sustainable.…”