Plasma-based determination of inorganic contaminants in waste of electric and electronic equipment after microwave-induced combustion

Mello, Paola A.; Diehl, Lisarb O.; Silva, Jussiane S.; Müller, Edson I.; Mesko, Márcia F.; Flores, Érico M.M.

doi:10.1016/j.sab.2014.09.002

Cited by 30 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Microcrystalline cellulose was used in order to avoid the projection of honey during the combustion allowing a more reproducible behavior as normally observed for solid samples. This study was based on previous works using combustion (not only MIC) where microcrystalline cellulose or other combustion aids, such as starch or ethanol mixed with paraffin, were used [33][34][35][36]. The main aims of using this kind of additive were to improve the efficiency of combustion or to increase the temperature and consequently allow the volatilization of analytes from matrices [35,36].…”

Section: Influence Of Microcrystalline Cellulose and Sample Massmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feasibility of ultra-trace determination of bromine and iodine in honey by ICP-MS using high sample mass in microwave-induced combustion

et al. 2015

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This work demonstrates the feasibility of ultra-trace determination of halogens in biological samples by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) after decomposition by microwave-induced combustion (MIC). The conventional MIC method was improved to allow the combustion of samples with mass higher than that used in previous works in order to achieve better limits of detection (LODs). The applicability of the proposed method for ultra-trace determination of bromine and iodine in organic samples was demonstrated here using honey. It was possible to decompose up to 1000 mg of honey using microcrystalline cellulose as a combustion aid and polyethylene film for sample wrapping. After combustion, analytes were absorbed using 50 mmol L(-1) NH4OH and recoveries for Br and I were between 99 and 104 %, and relative standard deviations were lower than 5 %. Microwave-assisted alkaline dissolution (MA-AD) was also evaluated for honey sample preparation using NH4OH or tetramethylammonium hydroxide solutions. However, the LODs for the MA-AD method were unsuitable because the high carbon content in digests required a dilution step prior to the analysis by ICP-MS. The LODs obtained by MIC were improved from 1143 to 34 ng g(-1) for Br and from 571 to 6.0 ng g(-1) for I, when compared to the MA-AD method. Furthermore, it was possible to decompose up to eight samples simultaneously in 30 min (including the cooling step) with very low reagent consumption and consequently lower generation of effluents, making MIC method well suited for routine ultra-trace determination of Br and I in honey. Graphical Abstract A high mass of honey was efficiently digested by MIC for subsequent Br and I determination by ICP-MS.

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Section: Influence Of Microcrystalline Cellulose and Sample Massmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feasibility of ultra-trace determination of bromine and iodine in honey by ICP-MS using high sample mass in microwave-induced combustion

et al. 2015

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“…In spite of recent and successful applications, until now MIC method was not used to digest soil samples with high inorganic matter content for further halogens determination. In the case of inorganic matrices, which are not easily digested by combustion due to the low organic matter content, it has already been demonstrated the necessity of using a combustion aid, such as microcrystalline cellulose, resulting in a complete volatilization of metals and nonmetals. − …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In another work, the use of high-purity microcrystalline cellulose was also investigated for the volatilization of Cl and F from Portland cement for further determination by IC. The agreement with certified values ranged from 98 to 103% for Cl, and the recovery was about 96% for F. The use of MIC for further determination of Br and other contaminants in polymeric waste of electrical and electronic equipment was also proposed …”

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confidence: 78%

Multitechnique Determination of Halogens in Soil after Selective Volatilization Using Microwave-Induced Combustion

et al. 2016

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A method for digestion of soils with high inorganic matter content (ranging from 50 to 92%) by microwave-induced combustion (MIC) is proposed for the first time for further halogens (F, Cl, Br, and I) determination by ion chromatography (IC) and also by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Microcrystalline cellulose (100-500 mg), used as a combustion aid, was mixed with sample and water or NHOH solutions (10-100 mmol L) were investigated for analytes absorption. The use of cellulose (400 mg) was mandatory to volatilize the halogens from soils with high inorganic matter. It was possible to use diluted absorbing solutions (up to 100 mmol L NHOH) for halogens retention, providing limits of quantification in the range of 0.06 (I) to 60 (Cl) μg g. Accuracy was evaluated using certified reference materials (CRMs), spiked samples, and pyrohydrolysis method. Recoveries for halogens after spiked samples were in the range of 94 to 103% and the results after digestion of CRMs by MIC were in agreement better than 95% to certified values. Blanks were low, relative standard deviation was below 8% for all soils and no statistical difference was observed for results by pyrohydrolysis and MIC methods showing the feasibility of the proposed method for further halogens determination in soil samples.

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“…Determination of specific flame retardants and metals-metalloids in plastics may be accomplished by, for example, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), respectively, following decomposition of the matrix in a suitable solvent or mineral acid. Although these techniques are extremely sensitive, sample preparation can be both time-and resource-consuming and may generate significant quantities of hazardous waste (Chen et al, 2009;Mello et al, 2015). Accordingly, increasing use has been made of energydispersive x-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry as a means of analysing plastics simultaneously for Br, as a proxy for BFRs, and Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb and Sb (Furl et al, 2012;Gallen et al, 2014;Aldrian et al, 2015;Massos and Turner, 2016).…”

Section: Measurement Of Hazardous Additives In Plasticmentioning

confidence: 99%

Black plastics: Linear and circular economies, hazardous additives and marine pollution

Turner

2018

Environment International

151

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Black products constitute about 15% of the domestic plastic waste stream, of which the majority is single-use packaging and trays for food. This material is not, however, readily recycled owing to the low sensitivity of black pigments to near infrared radiation used in conventional plastic sorting facilities. Accordingly, there is mounting evidence that the demand for black plastics in consumer products is partly met by sourcing material from the plastic housings of end-of-life waste electronic and electrical equipment (WEEE). Inefficiently sorted WEEE plastic has the potential to introduce restricted and hazardous substances into the recyclate, including brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Sb, a flame retardant synergist, and the heavy metals, Cd, Cr, Hg and Pb. The current paper examines the life cycles of single-use black food packaging and black plastic WEEE in the context of current international regulations and directives and best practices for sorting, disposal and recycling. The discussion is supported by published and unpublished measurements of restricted substances (including Br as a proxy for BFRs) in food packaging, EEE plastic goods and non-EEE plastic products. Specifically, measurements confirm the linear economy of plastic food packaging and demonstrate a complex quasi-circular economy for WEEE plastic that results in significant and widespread contamination of black consumer goods ranging from thermos cups and cutlery to tool handles and grips, and from toys and games to spectacle frames and jewellery. The environmental impacts and human exposure routes arising from WEEE plastic recycling and contamination of consumer goods are described, including those associated with marine pollution. Regarding the latter, a compilation of elemental data on black plastic litter collected from beaches of southwest England reveals a similar chemical signature to that of contaminated consumer goods and blended plastic WEEE recyclate, exemplifying the pervasiveness of the problem.

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Plasma-based determination of inorganic contaminants in waste of electric and electronic equipment after microwave-induced combustion

Cited by 30 publications

References 40 publications

Feasibility of ultra-trace determination of bromine and iodine in honey by ICP-MS using high sample mass in microwave-induced combustion

Feasibility of ultra-trace determination of bromine and iodine in honey by ICP-MS using high sample mass in microwave-induced combustion

Multitechnique Determination of Halogens in Soil after Selective Volatilization Using Microwave-Induced Combustion

Black plastics: Linear and circular economies, hazardous additives and marine pollution

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