Plasma bile acids show a positive correlation with body mass index and are negatively associated with cognitive restraint of eating in obese patients

Prinz, Philip; Hofmann, Tobias; Ahnis, Anne; Elbelt, Ulf; Goebel-Stengel, Miriam; Klapp, Burghard F.; Rose, Matthias; Stengel, Andreas

doi:10.3389/fnins.2015.00199

Cited by 81 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…High total bile acid levels showed the strongest association with significant fibrosis among all bile acid parameters. An increase in total bile acids has been reported in multiple studies of NASH, ( 11,12 ) alcoholic liver disease, ( 24,25 ) diabetes ( 26‐30 ) and obesity, ( 26,31 ) suggesting that it is a hallmark of metabolic disease and liver disease. Only a few studies on small numbers of samples have reported bile acid changes in liver fibrosis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Bile Acid Changes Associated With Liver Fibrosis and Steatosis in the Mexican‐American Population of South Texas

Kwan

Jiao

et al. 2020

Hepatol Commun

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Biomarkers to predict risk of liver fibrosis in subjects with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, a common risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma, would allow for early preventive interventions. We sought to characterize bile acid profiles associated with liver fibrosis in subjects from the community‐based Cameron County Hispanic Cohort, a population in South Texas with high rates of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Plasma bile acid levels were measured in 390 subjects. These subjects were screened with liver elastography, detecting significant liver fibrosis in 58 subjects and steatosis in 186 subjects. Unsupervised clustering of the bile acid profiles revealed five clusters that differed by liver fibrosis, liver steatosis, liver injury, age and gender, identifying these parameters as major determinants of circulating bile acid changes. Total bile acid levels were significantly higher in subjects with fibrosis, with chenodeoxycholic acid displaying the greatest increase among individual bile acids. The primary conjugated bile acids, glycocholic and glycochenodeoxycholic acids, displayed the strongest association with fibrosis by logistic regression. High lithocholic acid levels were strongly associated with advanced fibrosis. In contrast, deoxycholic acid and total unconjugated secondary bile acids were positively associated with steatosis, whereas relative glycoursodeoxycholic acid abundance was negatively associated. Milk and yogurt intake notably contributed to fibrosis‐associated bile acid changes. In addition, multiple families within the Firmicutes phylum, Prevotellaceae, and Bacteroides species in stool significantly correlated with fibrosis‐associated and steatosis‐associated bile acid parameters, suggesting that the gut microbiome contributes to bile acid changes in the context of liver disease. Conclusion: Circulating bile acid levels were markedly but differently changed in liver fibrosis and steatosis in a high‐risk Mexican‐American population.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Bile Acid Changes Associated With Liver Fibrosis and Steatosis in the Mexican‐American Population of South Texas

Kwan

Jiao

et al. 2020

Hepatol Commun

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“…Bile acids (BA) are not only important for digestion and fat absorption but are also involved in the regulation of appetite and food intake, and plasma BA levels positively correlate with BMI, at least in obese patients . BA administration has been shown to suppress appetite in patients with a high BMI, yet plasma BA levels are negatively correlated with cognitive restraint of eating in obese patients . The high plasma BA levels in obesity may thus represent a compensatory mechanism to prevent further overeating.…”

Section: Absorption/malabsorption Of Energy Substratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy metabolism in cachexia

et al. 2019

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Cachexia is a wasting disorder that accompanies many chronic diseases including cancer and results from an imbalance of energy requirements and energy uptake. In cancer cachexia, tumor‐secreted factors and/or tumor–host interactions cause this imbalance, leading to loss of adipose tissue and skeletal and cardiac muscle, which weakens the body. In this review, we discuss how energy enters the body and is utilized by the different organs, including the gut, liver, adipose tissue, and muscle, and how these organs contribute to the energy wasting observed in cachexia. We also discuss futile cycles both between the organs and within the cells, which are often used to fine‐tune energy supply under physiologic conditions. Ultimately, understanding the complex interplay of pathologic energy‐wasting circuits in cachexia can bring us closer to identifying effective treatment strategies for this devastating wasting disease.

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“…Given that obesity and insulin resistance are generally highly correlated, this apparent disconnect between bile acid concentrations and body mass is paradoxical. Further complicating the study of these phenomena in obesity are the confounders of age and sex (Prinz et al, 2015; Xie et al, 2015), both of which appear to influence circulating bile acid concentrations and lead to significant inter-individual variability (Frommherz et al, 2016). Moreover, longitudinal data has actually showed that weight loss leads to lower bile acid concentrations in the plasma.…”

Section: Bile Acids and Obesitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Bile acids and bariatric surgery

Albaugh

Banan

Ajouz

et al. 2017

Molecular Aspects of Medicine

116

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Bariatric surgery, specifically Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG), are the most effective and durable treatments for morbid obesity and potentially a viable treatment for type 2 diabetes (T2D). The resolution rate of T2D following these procedures is between 40-80% and far surpasses that achieved by medical management alone. The molecular basis for this improvement is not entirely understood, but has been attributed in part to the altered enterohepatic circulation of bile acids. In this review we highlight how bile acids potentially contribute to improved lipid and glucose homeostasis, insulin sensitivity and energy expenditure after these procedures. The impact of altered bile acid levels in enterohepatic circulation is also associated with changes in gut microflora, which may further contribute to some of these beneficial effects. We highlight the beneficial effects of experimental surgical procedures in rodents that alter bile secretory flow without gastric restriction or altering nutrient flow. This information suggests a role for bile acids beyond dietary fat emulsification in altering whole body glucose and lipid metabolism strongly, and also suggests emerging roles for the activation of the bile acid receptors farnesoid x receptor (FXR) and G-protein coupled bile acid receptor (TGR5) in these improvements. The limitations of rodent studies and the current state of our understanding is reviewed and the potential effects of bile acids mediating the short-and long-term metabolic improvements after bariatric surgery is critically examined.

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Plasma bile acids show a positive correlation with body mass index and are negatively associated with cognitive restraint of eating in obese patients

Cited by 81 publications

References 51 publications

Bile Acid Changes Associated With Liver Fibrosis and Steatosis in the Mexican‐American Population of South Texas

Bile Acid Changes Associated With Liver Fibrosis and Steatosis in the Mexican‐American Population of South Texas

Energy metabolism in cachexia

Bile acids and bariatric surgery

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