Plasma Concentration of LH, FSH, Prolactin, Progesterone and Estradiol-17β Throughout the 4-Day Estrous Cycle of the Rat

Butcher, R. L.; Collins, William E.; Fugo, N. W.

doi:10.1210/endo-94-6-1704

Cited by 1,353 publications

(717 citation statements)

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“…As expected, OVX animals had low serum concentrations of E, although the values reported here are somewhat higher than those obtained from radioimmunoassays conducted with commercial kits [e.g., (Stupka et al, 2001;Walker et al, 2001). Serum E concentrations produced by the 2 lower doses of E used in this study were within the high physiological range for E in the proestrus rat (Butcher et al, 1974), although there is considerable variability in the values reported for proestrus when only one or two time points are taken (Walker et al, 2001;Haim et al, 2003). The differences in values may be due to different strains of rat used, light cycle differences, or assay differences.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 57%

“…The serum E concentrations achieved 1 hour after one s.c. injection with 1 or 2 µg E were in the physiological range for the proestrus rat (Butcher et al, 1974;Henderson et al, 1977a;Henderson et al, 1977b), and returned to OVX levels within 24 hours. There was no difference in the serum E concentration seen one hour after the fifth injection of 1 or 2 µg E (over five consecutive days) when compared with serum values after one injection (Table 1).…”

Section: Serum E Concentrationsmentioning

confidence: 90%

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Acquisition of cocaine self-administration in ovariectomized female rats: Effect of estradiol dose or chronic estradiol administration

Becker

2008

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

123

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This study was conducted to investigate whether the dose of estradiol (E) administered acutely, or chronic delivery of one dose of E impacts acquisition and subsequent cocaine self-administration in ovariectomized (OVX) female rats. Five groups of female rats were compared: OVX females treated with 0, 1, 2, or 5 µg 17 β-E, 30 min prior to the self-administration session, and OVX rats that received a 1.5 mg E pellet (designed to chronically release 25 µg E/d X 60 d) implanted 1 week before cocaine self-administration initiation. Rats were tested in 1 hr sessions on a FR1 schedule with the dose of cocaine increasing every week (testing occurred 5 day/wk; doses: 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 and 0.75 mg/kg/ infusion). We report that OVX rats treated with 2 µg E acquired self-administration more rapidly than all of the other groups, and animals that received 1 or 2 µg E self-administered significantly more cocaine compared to OVX+vehicle at 0.3 and 0.4 mg/kg/infusion. In contrast, OVX rats given 5 µg E acutely, or chronic E via slow-release pellets did not take more cocaine than the OVX+vehicle group at any time point. Physiological serum concentrations of E were seen with 1 or 2 µg E, but 5 µg E and the E pellet produced supra-physiological concentrations. These results suggest an inverted U-shaped dose-response curve for the effect of E on acquisition of cocaine self-administration.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 57%

Section: Serum E Concentrationsmentioning

confidence: 90%

Acquisition of cocaine self-administration in ovariectomized female rats: Effect of estradiol dose or chronic estradiol administration

Becker

2008

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

123

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“…Concentrations of serum estradiol achieved on the fourth or fifth day of treatment at 1 h post-E were not significantly different from the values reported for 1 h post-E on day one, indicating no significant accumulation of E with this dosing regimen. These values are all in the physiological range for estradiol in the proestrous rat (Butcher et al, 1974;Henderson et al, 1977a, b). Thus, at the time animals were tested each day, serum E concentrations were within the physiological range.…”

Section: Self-administrationmentioning

confidence: 92%

Biological Basis of Sex Differences in the Propensity to Self-administer Cocaine

Crombag

Robinson

et al. 2003

Neuropsychopharmacol

275

230

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Women are at greater risk for cocaine addiction than are men, and female rats similarly show a greater propensity to self-administer cocaine than do male rats. This could be due to the intrinsic sex differences in brain organization, to the activational effects of circulating gonadal hormones, or both. For example, estradiol enhances dopamine release in the striatum and nucleus accumbens, and facilitates the behavioral sensitization induced by repeated cocaine exposure. We report here that independent of circulating gonadal hormones, female rats acquire cocaine self-administration behavior more rapidly, and they self-administer more cocaine at a faster rate than do male rats. This indicates that there is an intrinsic difference between male and female subjects in the neural systems mediating drug-seeking behavior due to sexual differentiation of the brain. Furthermore, we find that the administration of estradiol to gonadectomized female subjects greatly facilitates the acquisition of cocaine self-administration. These data demonstrate that both intrinsic sex differences in brain organization and the actions of circulating estradiol contribute to increased vulnerability for cocaine use in female subjects.

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“…In rats, BZE plasma levels varied depending on the phase of the estrous cycle in rats (Quiñones-Jenab et al, 1999), with lower BZE plasma levels during estrus and proestrus than during metestrus/diestrus. In the normal female rat, estradiol and progesterone fluctuate over a 4-day estrous cycle, with both hormones peaking during proestrus, whereas during estrus, levels of estradiol are relatively stable and progesterone levels are minimal (Butcher et al, 1974;Smith et al, 1975). In a subsequent study (Quiñones-Jenab et al, 2000), ovariectomized female rats treated with estrogen and progesterone had lower BZE plasma levels than females treated with estrogen alone or progesterone alone.…”

Section: Pharmacokinetics Of the Cocaine Metabolites Bze And Emementioning

confidence: 92%

Pharmacokinetics of Intravenous Cocaine Across the Menstrual Cycle in Rhesus Monkeys

Evans

Foltin

2004

Neuropsychopharmacol

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Several studies in rodents suggest that there are sex differences in response to cocaine that are related to fluctuations in the ovarian hormones of females. Female rhesus monkeys have menstrual cycles that are remarkably similar to human menstrual cycles in both duration and hormonal variations. Therefore, data obtained in monkeys should be an ideal model for assessing the effects of cocaine across the menstrual cycle in humans. The present study assessed the acute effects of intravenous cocaine (0, 0.25, 0.50, and 1.00 mg/kg) in five female rhesus monkeys during four phases of the menstrual cycle: menses, midfollicular, periovulatory, and midluteal. To reduce the effects of stress that can occur from sedation, all animals were trained to enter primate chairs so that repeated blood samples could be obtained in awake animals. Hormone levels for estradiol and progesterone were measured each session before cocaine administration. Cocaine and cocaine metabolite plasma levels were measured at 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 90 min after cocaine administration. Similarly, levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) were measured before, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 90 min after cocaine administration. Within 5 min of cocaine administration, cocaine plasma levels peaked and dose-dependent behavioral changes (ie increased motor activity, mydriasis, and refusal of treats) were observed. These effects typically resolved in 15-30 min. There were few differences in the pharmacokinetic profile of cocaine across the menstrual cycle. However, the cocaine metabolites, BZE and EME, did vary across the menstrual cycle, with both being increased in the luteal phase, particularly following the highest dose of cocaine. In addition, unlike previous studies, cocaine did not produce consistent increases in LH levels. Rather, the change in LH levels depended on menstrual cycle phase and cocaine dose. In summary, there is little evidence that the pharmacokinetics of cocaine vary as a function of menstrual cycle phase.

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Plasma Concentration of LH, FSH, Prolactin, Progesterone and Estradiol-17β Throughout the 4-Day Estrous Cycle of the Rat

Cited by 1,353 publications

References 0 publications

Acquisition of cocaine self-administration in ovariectomized female rats: Effect of estradiol dose or chronic estradiol administration

Acquisition of cocaine self-administration in ovariectomized female rats: Effect of estradiol dose or chronic estradiol administration

Biological Basis of Sex Differences in the Propensity to Self-administer Cocaine

Pharmacokinetics of Intravenous Cocaine Across the Menstrual Cycle in Rhesus Monkeys

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