Plasma Cytokine Profiles in Females With Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Extra-Intestinal Co-Morbidity

Scully, Paul; McKernan, Declan P.; Keohane, John; Groeger, David; Shanahan, Fergus; Dinan, Timothy G.; Quigley, Eamonn Martin

doi:10.1038/ajg.2010.159

Cited by 157 publications

(130 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…It further suggests that the lower levels of serum IL-10 reported by others ( 13 ), may or may not refl ect potentially important alterations in IL-10 in the gastrointestinal tract. Th e discrepancy in serum and tissue cytokines should really come as no surprise as serum cytokines have a number of diff erent sources and can be infl uenced by various factors including comorbidities, psychological stress, and anxiety ( 26,27 ).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Editorial: Abnormal Immune Regulation and Low-Grade Inflammation in IBS: Does One Size Fit All?

Schmulson

Chey²

2012

American Journal of Gastroenterology

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Editorial: Abnormal Immune Regulation and Low-Grade Inflammation in IBS: Does One Size Fit All?

Schmulson

Chey²

2012

American Journal of Gastroenterology

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“…Increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines in IBS patients have also been reported (table 2), with IL-6 and IL-8 contents in plasma and serum significantly elevated in IBS patients when compared to healthy controls [29,30,31]. A recent report noted that the serum level of the soluble IL-2 receptor was increased in diarrhea-dominant IBS (IBS-D) patients [30].…”

Section: Inflammation and Immune Activation In Ibsmentioning

confidence: 93%

Pathogenesis of Irritable Bowel Syndrome - Review Regarding Associated Infection and Immune Activation

et al. 2013

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There is increasing evidence regarding the role of immune activation in the etiology of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), which has been mainly been shown in studies investigating mechanisms of postinfectious IBS (PI-IBS). Exposure to intestinal infection induces persistent low-grade systemic and mucosal inflammation, which is characterized by an altered population of circulating cells, mucosal infiltration of immune cells and increased production of various cytokines in IBS patients. Recent studies have also indicated an increased innate immune response in these patients by evaluating expression and activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs). These findings suggest that immune activation may play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of IBS. In addition, psychological stress has been reported to be one of the factors that induces immune activation. However, it remains unknown whether immune activation in IBS patients is largely dependent on infectious gastroenteritis and/or psychological stress. Additional studies are necessary to understand the precise mechanism of immune activation and its relationship to the development of IBS.

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“…Mild infl ammation is involved in diarrhea-predominant IBS patients as proinfl ammatory cytokine TNF-alpha is signifi cantly higher, although no difference in anti-infl ammatory cytokine is observed (Rana et al 2012 ). Although IBS is characterized by the increase of proinfl ammatory cytokines, IL-6 and IL-8, IBS patients with certain extraintestinal comorbid conditions are distinguished by additional elevations in IL-1beta and TNF-alpha (Scully et al 2010 ).…”

Section: Chronic Immune Activation In Infl Ammatory and Functional Bomentioning

confidence: 93%

Evaluation of Tryptophan Metabolism in Chronic Immune Activation

Engin

2015

Tryptophan Metabolism: Implications for Biological Processes, Health and Disease

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Chronic immune activation is encountered in different pathologies including granulomatous and functional bowel diseases, cancer, aging, atherosclerosis, and obesity. Persistence of chronic infl ammatory stimuli over time creates a biologic background for immunosenescence and favors neopterin formation with the enhanced tryptophan (Trp) degradation in diseases concomitant with cellular immune activation. Trp degradation leads to the generation of several neuroactive compounds by three distinct pathways.Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) induction leads to many complex changes within the affected cells resulting in immunosuppression through breakdown of Trp. Thus, neopterin concentrations as well as IDO expression signifi cantly increase in infl ammatory bowel diseases (IBD) such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.However, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is linked with abnormal serotonin functioning and immune activation. In this case, enteric serotonin (5-HT) signaling may be defective and inactivated by the serotonin-selective reuptake transporter (SERT) in the enterocytes. A positive correlation is evident between IBS severity and kynurenine (Kyn) to Trp ratio which is signifi cantly correlated with the rise of interferon (IFN)-gamma.The dual host-protective and tumor-promoting actions of immunity are referred to as cancer immunoediting. IDO-reactive T cells are able to recognize and kill tumor cells as well as IDO-expressing dendritic cells (DCs). IDO activation leads to immunosuppression through breakdown of Trp in the tumor microenvironment and tumor-draining lymph nodes. C-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CCR4)+ forkhead boxp3(Foxp3)+ regulatory T (Treg) cells create a favorable environment for tumor escape from host immune responses. Thus, Foxp3+/IDO+ tumors are associated with more advanced disease.Age-related changes in the immune system are known as immunosenescence. A causal relationship is evident between the Trp metabolism and immune defi ciency in elderly. Eventually, the reduced serum Trp concentrations and increased Kyn levels indicate increased chronic low-grade infl ammation in elderly. In this case,

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Plasma Cytokine Profiles in Females With Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Extra-Intestinal Co-Morbidity

Abstract: Although IBS is characterized by a pro-inflammatory profile featuring the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8, IBS patients with certain extra-intestinal co-morbid conditions are distinguished by additional elevations in IL-1β and TNFα.

Cited by 157 publications

References 38 publications

Editorial: Abnormal Immune Regulation and Low-Grade Inflammation in IBS: Does One Size Fit All?

Editorial: Abnormal Immune Regulation and Low-Grade Inflammation in IBS: Does One Size Fit All?

Pathogenesis of Irritable Bowel Syndrome - Review Regarding Associated Infection and Immune Activation

Evaluation of Tryptophan Metabolism in Chronic Immune Activation

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