Plasma Dynamics of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps and Cell-Free Dna in Septic and Nonseptic Vasoplegic Shock: A Prospective Comparative Observational Cohort Study

Abstract

Background The association between neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and the requirement for vasopressor and inotropic support in vasoplegic shock is unclear. This study aimed to investigate the dynamics of plasma levels of NETs and cell-free DNA (cfDNA) up to 48 hours after the admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) for management of vasoplegic shock of infectious (SEPSIS) or non-infectious (following cardiac surgery, CARDIAC) origin. Methods Prospective, observational study of NETs and cfDNA plasma levels at 0H (admission) and then at 12H, 24H and 48H in SEPSIS and CARDIAC patients. The Vasopressor Inotropic Score (VIS), the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score and time spent with invasive ventilation, in ICU and in hospital were recorded. Associations between NETs/cfDNA and VIS and SOFA were analysed by Spearman’s correlation (rho), and between NETs/cfDNA and ventilation/ICU/hospitalisation times by generalised linear regression. Results Both NETs and cfDNA remained elevated over 48 hours in SEPSIS (n = 46) and CARDIAC (n = 30) patients, with time weighted average concentrations greatest in SEPSIS (NETs median difference 0.06 [0.02-0.11], p = 0.005; cfDNA median difference 0.48 [0.20-1.02], p < 0.001). The VIS correlated to NETs (rho = 0.3-0.60 in SEPSIS, p < 0.01, rho = 0.36-0.57 in CARDIAC, p ≤ 0.01) and cfDNA (rho = 0.40-0.56 in SEPSIS, p < 0.01, rho = 0.38-0.47 in CARDIAC, p < 0.05). NETs correlated with SOFA. Neither NETs nor cfDNA were independently associated with ventilator/ICU/hospitalisation times. Conclusion Plasma levels of NETs and cfDNA correlated with the dose of vasopressors and inotropes administered over 48 hours in patients with vasoplegic shock from sepsis or following cardiac surgery. NETs levels also correlated with organ dysfunction. These findings suggest that similar mechanisms involving release of NETs are involved in the pathophysiology of vasoplegic shock irrespective of an infectious or non-infectious etiology.