Plasma-electrolytes in natives to hypoxia after marathon races at different altitudes

Schmidt, Walter; Rojas, Juan David; Böning, Dieter; Bernal, Hector; García, Saúl Suárez; García, Oscar

doi:10.1097/00005768-199910000-00008

Cited by 22 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Electrolyte homeostasis was found to be well-preserved during and after the marathon. There were no significant changes in Na + and Cldescribed to be the most popular electrolyte disturbances with marathon running [27]. But there were slight increases in Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ which partially may be explained by the ingestion of unstandardized drinking solutions containing different amounts of electrolytes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

The Effect of Marathon Cycling on Renal Function

Neumayr¹,

Pfister²,

Hoertnagl³

et al. 2003

Int J Sports Med

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The stress of strenuous long-term exercise may alter renal function. Whether this is also true for marathon cycling is unknown so far. The purpose of this study was to evaluate renal function following competitive marathon cycling. We investigated 38-male, well-trained recreational cyclists credibly not taking any kind of doping who participated in the Otztal Radmarathon. Blood and urine specimens were taken the day before, immediately after and one day after competition. Baseline renal functional parameters--normal before competition--increased significantly afterwards and remained elevated during 24 hours of recovery. The rises in serum creatinine, urea and uric acid were 20, 54 and 42 % (p < 0.001 respectively). The corresponding decline in estimated creatinine clearance was 18 %. In all athletes the serum urea/creatinine ratio rose above 40, fractional sodium excretion and fractional uric acid excretion fell below 0.4 % and 15 %, indicating reduced renal perfusion. The observed effects lasted for at least 24 h despite a stable fluid balance during the race and an expanding plasma volume (PV) in the recovery period. Levels of haematocrit remained unchanged immediately post-race but significantly declined from 0.44 to 0.41 on the following day (p < 0.001). The calculated rise in PV was + 10.8 %. Electrolyte homeostasis was preserved throughout the observation period. Post-exercise proteinuria was small and of the mixed glomerular-tubular type. There was neither evidence for exercise-induced haemolysis, nor for significant skeletal muscle damage. The finding obtained from well-hydrated recreational athletes reveals that the extraordinary strains of marathon cycling influence renal function only on a minimal scale. Though minor, the physiological effects were long-lasting. The results obtained suggest that a reduced renal perfusion is the mechanism responsible for the slight impairment of renal function following exhaustive marathon cycling.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

The Effect of Marathon Cycling on Renal Function

Neumayr¹,

Pfister²,

Hoertnagl³

et al. 2003

Int J Sports Med

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“…Firstly renin and aldosterone secretion is attenuated and atrial natriuretic peptide concentration is increased in hypoxia leading to a de- crease in extracellular fluid volume (e. g. [37]). Secondly enforced distension of the cardiac atria after the expansion of EV should lead to a compensatory reduction of PV via the complex system of intravascular volume regulation [14].…”

Section: Altitude and Training Effects On Blood Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hemoglobin Mass and Peak Oxygen Uptake in Untrained and Trained Female Altitude Residents

Böning

Cristancho

Serrato³

et al. 2004

Int J Sports Med

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Total hemoglobin mass has not been systematically investigated in females at altitude. We measured this quantity (CO-rebreathing method) as well as peak oxygen uptake in 54 young women (age 22.5 +/- 0.6 SE years) with differing physical fitness living in Bogota (2600 m) and compared the results with those of 19 subjects from 964 m in Colombia and 75 subjects from 35 m in Germany. In spite of an increased hemoglobin concentration the hemoglobin mass was not changed in highlanders (means 9.0 to 9.5 g . kg (-1) in untrained subjects at all altitude levels). Endurance trained athletes, however, showed a rise in hemoglobin mass by 2 - 3 g . kg (-1) at all sites. Erythropoietin was little increased in Bogota; iron stores were within the normal range. Aerobic performance capacity was lower at high altitude than at sea level and remained so also after correction for the hypoxic deterioration in untrained and moderately trained subjects but not in athletes; possibly the cause was reduced daily physical activity in non-athletic Bogotanians compared to lowlanders. After exclusion of the factor V.O(2peak) by analysis of covariance a mean rise of 6.6 % in hemoglobin mass at 2600 m was calculated being smaller than in males (> 12 %). The attenuated increase of hemoglobin mass in female highlanders possibly results from stimulation of ventilation improving arterial oxygen saturation or from an increased hypoxia tolerance of cellular metabolism both caused by female sexual hormones.

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“…The mechanism underlying the reduction in PV that occurs during altitude acclimatization remains as yet unresolved. It has been postulated that fluid movements out of the vascular bed are caused by a loss of plasma proteins (Sawka et al 2000) and by an enhanced diuretic processes (Olsen et al 1992;Schmidt et al 1999). The observed changes in PV and BV in both groups exposed to intermittent hypoxia (SI, OI) might be also explained in part by changes in central venous pressure, as observed to occur during acclimatization to high altitude (Gunga et al 1996;Reeves et al 1987).…”

Section: Pv Bv [Hb] and Hctmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-term exposure to intermittent hypoxia results in increased hemoglobin mass, reduced plasma volume, and elevated erythropoietin plasma levels in man

et al. 2003

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While it is well established that highlanders have optimized their oxygen transport system, little is known about the acclimatization of those who move between different altitudes. The purpose of this study was to establish whether the acclimatization to long-term intermittent hypoxic exposure in members of the Chilean Army who frequently move from sea level to 3,550 m altitude is correlated with acute acclimatization or chronic adaptation to hypoxia. A group of officers was exposed intermittently to hypoxia for about 22 years (OI, officers at intermittent hypoxia) and a group of soldiers for 6 months (SI, soldiers at intermittent hypoxia). Both groups were compared to residents at altitude (RA) and to soldiers at sea level (SL). When compared to SL, we observed an 11% increase in total hemoglobin mass (tHb) as well as a corresponding increase in red cell volume (RCV), hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit in all three groups at altitude. Plasma volume (PV) and blood volume (BV) decreased at altitude but increased when OI and SI returned to sea level. Moreover, intermittent hypoxic exposure of OI and SI resulted in increased plasma erythropoietin (Epo) levels, which peaked on day 2 at high altitude followed by decreasing levels during the successive days, and reaching pre-altitude values in SI even when staying at altitude. In conclusion, with regard to tHb and RCV, the acclimatization to long-term intermittent hypoxia resembles the adaptation to chronic hypoxia, while PV and BV regulation mimicked acclimatization to acute hypoxia. Remarkably, finely controlled regulation of Epo expression still occurs after up to 22 years of weekly exposure to altitude.

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Plasma-electrolytes in natives to hypoxia after marathon races at different altitudes

Cited by 22 publications

References 29 publications

The Effect of Marathon Cycling on Renal Function

The Effect of Marathon Cycling on Renal Function

Hemoglobin Mass and Peak Oxygen Uptake in Untrained and Trained Female Altitude Residents

Long-term exposure to intermittent hypoxia results in increased hemoglobin mass, reduced plasma volume, and elevated erythropoietin plasma levels in man

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