Plasma Experiment for Planetary Exploration (PEPE)

Young, D. T.; Nordholt, J. E.; Burch, J. L.; McComas, D. J.; Bowman, Rocco; Abeyta, R. A.; Alexander, Joseph; Baldonado, J. R.; Barker, P. F.; Black, R. K.; Booker, Thomas; Casey, P. J.; Cope, L.K.; Crary, F. J.; Cravens, J.; Funsten, H. O.; Goldstein, R.; Guerrero, D. R.; Hahn, S.; Hanley, J.; Henneke, B. P.; Horton, E. F.; Lawrence, D. J.; McCabe, Kevin; Reisenfeld, D. B.; Salazar, R. P.; Shappirio, M.; Storms, S. A.; Urdiales, C.; Waite, J. H.

doi:10.1007/s11214-007-9177-3

Cited by 24 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Combined sensors (PEPE) option: The mass and power resources for the plasma package can be significantly reduced by adopting a combined EA capable of performing both the fast major species ion sampling and the relatively slower but detailed composition measurements. An example of such a sensor that could be modified and exploited is the PEPE (Plasma Experiment for Planetary Exploration, Young et al 2007) charged-particle spectrometer, flown onboard the Deep Space 1 mission, capable of simultaneously measuring and resolving the velocity distribution of electrons and ions and their mass composition. Modifying the electron analyser to detect ions (usually involving simple reversal of the voltage polarities) and optimising the instrument parameters for fast measurements of the major ion species would satisfy AXIOM's requirements and provide significant resource savings.…”

Section: Pointing Requirements and Configuration Needsmentioning

confidence: 99%

AXIOM: advanced X-ray imaging of the magnetosphere

et al. 2011

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Planetary plasma and magnetic field environments can be studied in two complementary ways -by in situ measurements, or by remote sensing. While the former provide precise information about plasma behaviour, instabilities and dynamics on local scales, the latter offers the global view necessary to understand the overall interaction of the magnetospheric plasma with the solar wind. Some parts of the Earth's magnetosphere have been remotely sensed, but the majority remains unexplored by this type of measurements. Here we propose a novel and more elegant approach employing remote X-ray imaging techniques, which are now possible thanks to the relatively recent discovery of solar wind charge exchange X-ray emissions in the vicinity of the Earth's magnetosphere. In this article we describe how an appropriately designed and located Xray telescope, supported by simultaneous in situ measurements of the solar wind, can be used to image the dayside magnetosphere, magnetosheath and bow shock, with a temporal and spatial resolution sufficient to address several key outstanding questions concerning how the solar wind interacts with the Earth's magnetosphere on a global level. Global images of the dayside magnetospheric boundaries require vantage points well outside the magnetosphere. Our studies have led us to propose 'AXIOM: Advanced X-ray Imaging Of the Magnetosphere', a concept mission using a Vega launcher with a LISA Pathfinder-type Propulsion Module to place the spacecraft in a Lissajous orbit around the Earth -Moon L1 point. The model payload consists of an X-ray Wide Field Imager, capable of both imaging and spectroscopy, and an in situ plasma and magnetic field measurement package. This package comprises a Proton-Alpha Sensor, designed to measure the bulk properties of the solar wind, an Ion Composition Analyser, to characterise the minor ion populations in the solar wind that cause charge exchange emission, and a Magnetometer, designed to measure the strength and direction of the solar wind magnetic field. We also show simulations that demonstrate how the proposed X-ray telescope design is capable of imaging the predicted emission from the dayside magnetosphere with the sensitivity and cadence required to achieve the science goals of the mission.

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Section: Pointing Requirements and Configuration Needsmentioning

confidence: 99%

AXIOM: advanced X-ray imaging of the magnetosphere

et al. 2011

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“…Thus, many ESAs now incorporate electrostatic "deflector plates" on the exterior of the aperture. 1,3,5,12,25,34,36,40 Applying an electrostatic potential to the deflector plates steers the incoming beam of particles into the aperture, allowing the instrument to scan the sky without physically moving. The curved nature of the plates acts to pre-focus the particles entering the instrument, raising the focal point of the particles away from the detector.…”

Section: A Electrostatic Analyzer (Esa)mentioning

confidence: 99%

A hybrid electrostatic retarding potential analyzer for the measurement of plasmas at extremely high energy resolution

Collinson

Chornay

Glocer

et al. 2018

Review of Scientific Instruments

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Many space plasmas (especially electrons generated in planetary ionospheres) exhibit fine-detailed structures that are challenging to fully resolve with the energy resolution of typical space plasma analyzers (10% → 20%). While analyzers with higher resolution have flown, generally this comes at the expense of sensitivity and temporal resolution. We present a new technique for measuring plasmas with extremely high energy resolution through the combination of a top-hat Electrostatic Analyzer (ESA) followed by an internally mounted Retarding Potential Analyzer (RPA). When high resolutions are not required, the RPA is grounded, and the instrument may operate as a typical generalpurpose plasma analyzer using its ESA alone. We also describe how such an instrument may use its RPA to remotely vary the geometric factor (sensitivity) of a top hat analyzer, as was performed on the New Horizons Solar Wind at Pluto and MAVEN SupraThermal and Thermal Ion Composition instruments. Finally, we present results from laboratory testing of our prototype, showing that this technique may be used to construct an instrument with 1.6% energy resolution, constant over all energies and angles.

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“…A “top hat” electrostatic analyzer [ Carlson et al ., ; Young et al ., ] provides a circularly symmetric field of view, allowing measurement of a full particle distribution function in half a spin. On a three‐axis stabilized spacecraft, additional electrostatic deflectors are required to cover the full range of phase space [e.g., Carlson et al ., ; Young et al ., ]. These detectors are typically symmetrically biased (one is positive, while the other is negative at the same voltage magnitude) using bipolar power supplies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A wide field of view plasma spectrometer

et al. 2016

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We present a fundamentally new type of space plasma spectrometer, the wide field of view plasma spectrometer, whose field of view is > 1.25π ster using fewer resources than traditional methods. The enabling component is analogous to a pinhole camera with an electrostatic energy‐angle filter at the image plane. Particle energy‐per‐charge is selected with a tunable bias voltage applied to the filter plate relative to the pinhole aperture plate. For a given bias voltage, charged particles from different directions are focused by different angles to different locations. Particles with appropriate locations and angles can transit the filter plate and are measured using a microchannel plate detector with a position‐sensitive anode. Full energy and angle coverage are obtained using a single high‐voltage power supply, resulting in considerable resource savings and allowing measurements at fast timescales. We present laboratory prototype measurements and simulations demonstrating the instrument concept and discuss optimizations of the instrument design for application to space measurements.

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Plasma Experiment for Planetary Exploration (PEPE)

Cited by 24 publications

References 20 publications

AXIOM: advanced X-ray imaging of the magnetosphere

AXIOM: advanced X-ray imaging of the magnetosphere

A hybrid electrostatic retarding potential analyzer for the measurement of plasmas at extremely high energy resolution

A wide field of view plasma spectrometer

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