Plasma glucose, insulin and lipid responses to high-carbohydrate low-fat diets in normal humans

Coulston, Ann M.; Liu, George C.; Reaven, Gerald M.

doi:10.1016/0026-0495(83)90155-5

Cited by 139 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…This finding is consistent with the well-reported hypertriglyceridemic effects of carbohydrate rich diets. 22,23 The plasma ß-hydroxy-butyrate concentration was increased in the two groups that consumed the fat-rich diet, which is consistent with the reported ketogenic effect of fat-rich diets. 24 Furthermore the finding of a significantly higher muscle glycogen concentration after the consumption of the carbohydraterich diet and not in either of the groups that consumed the fat-rich diet is consistent with a higher carbohydrate intake.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Prolonged adaptation to fat-rich diet and training; effects on body fat stores and insulin resistance in man

Helge¹

2002

Int J Obes

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OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effect of prolonged adaptation to training and fat-or carbohydrate-rich diet on body composition and insulin resistance. DESIGN: Longitudinal study. Of three groups two consumed a fat-rich diet, of which one performed regular training (FAT-Train, n ¼ 17) and the other maintained normal habitual activity (Fat-Control, n ¼ 8). The third group trained and consumed a carbohydrate-rich diet (CHO-Train, n ¼ 16). SUBJECTS: Forty-one untrained, healthy male subjects. MEASUREMENTS: Before and after 7 weeks body composition was estimated from skinfold measurements. At rest the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) was determined by the Douglas bag technique. Glycogen was determined in m vastus lateralis and concentrations of insulin and triacylglycerol in serum and glucose, fatty acid and beta-hydroxy-butyrate in plasma was measured. The insulin resistance index was calculated from fasting plasma insulin and glucose values. RESULTS: Across the 7 weeks body weight was reduced (1.3 AE 0.3%) in all three groups, however body fat mass was decreased only in the CHO-Train (13%) and maintained in the two FAT-groups. RER at rest was similarly decreased (5%) in the three groups. Plasma insulin tended to decrease (16%) in CHO-Train (P ¼ 0.065) and remained unchanged in the two FAT-groups. In contrast plasma glucose (4.6 AE 0.1 mmol=l) and plasma FA (453 AE 27 mmol=l) remained unchanged across the 7 weeks. The calculated insulin resistance index HOMA-R mod was significantly decreased by 19% in CHO-train but remained unchanged in both of the FAT-groups, whereas the calculated insulin secretion index HOMA-ß mod was unchanged in all three groups. CONCLUSION: In the present study we demonstrate that despite of a mild energy deficit body fat mass was maintained after prolonged adaptation to fat-rich diet both when normal physical activity was maintained and when training was performed. In contrast a significant decrease in fat mass was observed when carbohydrate-rich diet and training was combined. Furthermore we observed that the insulin resistance index was significantly decreased only when training was combined with a carbohydraterich diet.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Prolonged adaptation to fat-rich diet and training; effects on body fat stores and insulin resistance in man

Helge¹

2002

Int J Obes

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“…24 However, many isocaloric substitution diets do not distinguish between the two, or examine only one type of unsaturate. 16,21,25 Interestingly, in our population very little bene®t appeared to be gained by high intake of monounsaturates. For normoglycaemics, at least, polyunsaturates appear to be the more bene®cial fat substituent for saturated fat.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 53%

“…It should be noted that our dietary methodology did not estimate intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids with high precision, and we have, like others, 23 treated polyunsaturates as a single category. The consistent lowering of triglycerides by all dietary components in men, especially given the general consensus that carbohydrates tend to raise triglycerides, 6,16,26 cannot be easily explained. Furthermore, fewer effects, and some inconsistencies, were visible in the results of analysis of food frequency questionnaire data from the women, compared with the men.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

What is an optimal diet? Relationship of macronutrient intake to obesity, glucose tolerance, lipoprotein cholesterol levels and the metabolic syndrome in the Whitehall II study

2001

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OBJECTIVE: Saturated fats have adverse effects on health. To investigate which is more bene®cial for energy replacement, we compare the effects of polyunsaturated fatty acid and carbohydrate intake on obesity and metabolic variables (fasting triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and 2 h glucose). Further, because the optimum diet may differ according to glucose tolerance, we examine the same associations in glucose tolerant and intolerant groups. Finally, we test the effect of macronutrient intake on the presence or absence of the metabolic syndrome. DESIGN: Cross-sectional analysis. SUBJECTS: A total of 4497 men and 1865 women aged 39 ± 62 in the Whitehall II study. RESULTS: In men, higher intakes of both polyunsaturated fats and carbohydrates were linked to lower waist ± hip ratio, triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol. Higher carbohydrate intake alone was linked to decreased body mass index (for 10 g higher carbohydrate intake, À0.12 kgam 2 , P`0.0001) and lower HDL-cholesterol (À0.01 mmolal, P`0.01). In normoglycaemic men, higher carbohydrate intakes were associated with higher 2 h insulin and glucose levels (0.25 pmolal, P`0.05 and 0.01 mmolal, P 0.001, respectively). Dietary effects among women were similar, the exception being a positive association of polyunsaturated fat intake with body mass index and waist ± hip ratio (0.47 kgam 2 , P`0.05 and 0.006, P`0.05, respectively). Dietary components, with the exceptions of cholesterol and protein in men, were unrelated to prevalence of the metabolic syndrome, and adjustment for differences in macronutrient intake did not account for the strong inverse association between socioeconomic position and the metabolic syndrome. CONCLUSION: Our observational data provide evidence that both polyunsaturated fatty acids and carbohydrates offer small metabolic bene®ts with few adverse effects compared with saturated fats.

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“…The high-CHO diet has been shown to improve glycemic control (Brunzell et al, 1971;Anderson, 1977;Kiehm et al, 1976;Simpson et al, 1979), lower plasma LDL cholesterol concentrations (O'Dea et al, 1989;Riccardi et al, 1984) and reduce insulin requirements (Anderson, 1977;Kiehm et al, 1976). However, some studies have shown that high-CHO diets have hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic bene®ts only when they contain a large amount of dietary ®bre (O'Dea et al, 1989;Riccardi et al, 1984) and furthermore, other studies have shown that high-CHO diets low in ®bre result in increased plasma glucose and triacylglycerol, and decreased HDL concentrations (Reaven & Olefsky 1974;Brunzell et al, 1974;Ginsberg et al, 1976;Coulston et al, 1983;Sestoft et al, 1985;Coulston et al, 1989) which may persist for more than six weeks (Coulston et al, 1989).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diets high and low in glycemic index versus high monounsaturated fat diets: effects on glucose and lipid metabolism in NIDDM

1999

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Objective: To examine the relative effects of high and low glycemic index (GI) carbohydrates, and monounsaturated fats on blood glucose and lipid metabolism in NIDDM subjects. Subjects: Fourteen male and seven female variably controlled NIDDM subjects recruited by advertisement. Setting: Free living outpatients. Research design: A repeated measures, within-subject design was used such that each subject consumed three diets: (a) a high-GI diet (53% CHO7 21% fat, 63 GI units (glucose 100)); (b) a low-GI diet (51% CHO 7 23% fat, 43 GI units); and (c) a high-mono high-GI diet (42% CHO735% fat, 59 GI units) in random order and cross-over fashion for four weeks. Approximately 45% energy was provided as key foods which differed in published GI values and speci®cally excluded legumes. Dietary ®bre intake was b 30 gad on each diet. At the end of each dietary intervention, we measured fasting plasma lipids, glucose, insulin, total glycated plasma protein, fructosamine, LDL and HDL particle size as well as 24 h urinary excretion of glucose and C-peptide. Results: HDL-cholesterol was higher on the low-GI and high-mono high-GI diets compared to the high-GI diet (P`0.05 for overall diet effect). There were no other signi®cant differences in metabolic control between diets, even when adjusted for BMI, glucose control or gender. Body weight and saturated fat intake remained stable between dietary interventions. Conclusion: High-mono high-GI and high-CHO, low-GI diets are superior to high-CHO, high-GI diets with respect to HDL metabolism but no effect was noted on glucose metabolism in variably controlled NIDDM subjects. Sponsorship: This study was funded by CSIRO Human Nutrition.

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Plasma glucose, insulin and lipid responses to high-carbohydrate low-fat diets in normal humans

Cited by 139 publications

References 21 publications

Prolonged adaptation to fat-rich diet and training; effects on body fat stores and insulin resistance in man

Prolonged adaptation to fat-rich diet and training; effects on body fat stores and insulin resistance in man

What is an optimal diet? Relationship of macronutrient intake to obesity, glucose tolerance, lipoprotein cholesterol levels and the metabolic syndrome in the Whitehall II study

Diets high and low in glycemic index versus high monounsaturated fat diets: effects on glucose and lipid metabolism in NIDDM

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