Plasma-Induced Destruction of Bacterial Cell Wall Components: A Reactive Molecular Dynamics Simulation

Yusupov, Maksudbek; Bogaerts, Annemie; Huygh, Stijn; Snoeckx, Ramses; Duin, Adri C. T. van; Neyts, Erik C.

doi:10.1021/jp3128516

Cited by 156 publications

(139 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…In contrast, a study by Mozetic et al . has clearly shown damage by CAP treatment to the cell wall of Bacillus stearothermophilus before the plasma membrane was damaged37 and further indications that the bacterial cell wall is an important target during plasma interaction have been reported1314.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…used reactive molecular dynamics simulations to show interactions of plasma species with peptidoglycan. It was shown that plasma species can break structurally-important bonds of peptidoglycan, ultimately leading to cell death13. Specifically, it was demonstrated that the presence of OH and O lead to C-O, C-N and C-C bond breakage.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Plasma species were shown to be able to break important bonds in the cell wall (peptidoglycan) structure in Gram positive bacteria1314 as well as leading to membrane lipid peroxidation in Gram negative bacteria15. This disruption of the outer shell of the cell will lead to leakage of cellular components, including potassium, nucleic acid and proteins.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria differ in their sensitivity to cold plasma

Mai‐Prochnow

Clauson

Hong

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

522

295

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Cold atmospheric-pressure plasma (CAP) is a relatively new method being investigated for antimicrobial activity. However, the exact mode of action is still being explored. Here we report that CAP efficacy is directly correlated to bacterial cell wall thickness in several species. Biofilms of Gram positive Bacillus subtilis, possessing a 55.4 nm cell wall, showed the highest resistance to CAP, with less than one log10 reduction after 10 min treatment. In contrast, biofilms of Gram negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa, possessing only a 2.4 nm cell wall, were almost completely eradicated using the same treatment conditions. Planktonic cultures of Gram negative Pseudomonas libanensis also had a higher log10 reduction than Gram positive Staphylococcus epidermidis. Mixed species biofilms of P. aeruginosa and S. epidermidis showed a similar trend of Gram positive bacteria being more resistant to CAP treatment. However, when grown in co-culture, Gram negative P. aeruginosa was more resistant to CAP overall than as a mono-species biofilm. Emission spectra indicated OH and O, capable of structural cell wall bond breakage, were present in the plasma. This study indicates that cell wall thickness correlates with CAP inactivation times of bacteria, but cell membranes and biofilm matrix are also likely to play a role.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria differ in their sensitivity to cold plasma

Mai‐Prochnow

Clauson

Hong

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

522

295

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“…The cell walls of Gram-positive bacteria consist of peptidoglycan with a tight structure and strength, while Gram-negative bacteria are covered by a thin layer of peptidoglycan and an outer membrane of lipopolysaccharide. During plasma treatment, generated ROS can react with both lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan, thus breaking the molecular structure by damaging COO, CON, and COC bonds (32)(33)(34). However, obvious leakage was observed from E. coli only.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms of Inactivation by High-Voltage Atmospheric Cold Plasma Differ for Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus

Han¹,

Patil²,

Boehm³

et al. 2016

Appl Environ Microbiol

341

200

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bAtmospheric cold plasma (ACP) is a promising nonthermal technology effective against a wide range of pathogenic microorganisms. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a crucial inactivation role when air or other oxygen-containing gases are used. With strong oxidative stress, cells can be damaged by lipid peroxidation, enzyme inactivation, and DNA cleavage. Identification of ROS and an understanding of their role are important for advancing ACP applications for a range of complex microbiological issues. In this study, the inactivation efficacy of in-package high-voltage (80 kV [root mean square]) ACP (HVACP) and the role of intracellular ROS were investigated. Two mechanisms of inactivation were observed in which reactive species were found to either react primarily with the cell envelope or damage intracellular components. Escherichia coli was inactivated mainly by cell leakage and low-level DNA damage. Conversely, Staphylococcus aureus was mainly inactivated by intracellular damage, with significantly higher levels of intracellular ROS observed and little envelope damage. However, for both bacteria studied, increasing treatment time had a positive effect on the intracellular ROS levels generated.A tmospheric cold plasma (ACP) refers to nonequilibrated plasma generated at near-ambient temperatures and pressure. ACP is composed of particles, including free electrons, radicals, and positive and negative ions, but it is low in collision frequency of gas discharge compared to that with equilibrated plasma (1, 2). ACP technologies have widely been applied for many surface treatments and environmental processes. Recently, they have been studied for food sterilization and plasma medicine (2-5).ACP provides inactivation effects against a wide range of microbes, mainly by the generation of cell-lethal reactive species (6-8). By discharging in air, groups of reactive species are generated, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), UV radiation, energetic ions, and charged particles (5). However, the inactivation efficacy can be varied by changing the working gases, which results in different types or amounts of reactive species generated (9-11). ROS are often identified as the principal effecting species, with a relatively long half-life and strong antimicrobial effects, which are generated in oxygen-containing gases (12).ROS generated during plasma discharge in air or oxygen-containing mixtures are assemblies of ozone, hydrogen peroxide, and singlet and atomic oxygen, while ozone is considered the most microbicidal species (13). With strong oxidative stress, cells are damaged by lipid peroxidation, enzyme inactivation, and DNA cleavage. The generation of plasma in air or a nitrogen-containing gas mixture can also generate NO x species. However, higher inactivation efficacy has been reported with the combined application of NO and H 2 O 2 on Escherichia coli than that with a treatment with NO or H 2 O 2 alone (14). Reactive nitrogen species are highly toxic and can lead to cell death by increas...

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“…As the forces on the atoms and thus the entire system dynamics depend on the latter, it is clear that this is the most crucial aspect of classical reactive MD simulations. There exist several reactive force fields in literature, but in the context of plasma medicine, only the Brenner potential and the ReaxFF potential have been applied.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reactive Molecular Dynamics Simulations for a Better Insight in Plasma Medicine

Bogaerts

Yusupov

Paal

et al. 2014

Plasma Processes & Polymers

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In this review paper, we present several examples of reactive molecular dynamics simulations, which contribute to a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms in plasma medicine on the atomic scale. This includes the interaction of important reactive oxygen plasma species with the outer cell wall of both gram‐positive and gram‐negative bacteria, and with lipids present in human skin. Moreover, as most biomolecules are surrounded by a liquid biofilm, the behavior of these plasma species in a liquid (water) layer is presented as well. Finally, a perspective for future atomic scale modeling studies is given, in the field of plasma medicine in general, and for cancer treatment in particular.

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Plasma-Induced Destruction of Bacterial Cell Wall Components: A Reactive Molecular Dynamics Simulation

Cited by 156 publications

References 34 publications

Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria differ in their sensitivity to cold plasma

Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria differ in their sensitivity to cold plasma

Mechanisms of Inactivation by High-Voltage Atmospheric Cold Plasma Differ for Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus

Reactive Molecular Dynamics Simulations for a Better Insight in Plasma Medicine

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