Plasma levels and tricyclic antidepressant therapy: Part I. A review of assay methods

Gupta, Ram N.; Molnár, George

doi:10.1002/bdd.2510010505

Cited by 19 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…The separation efficiency (quality of separation) of a TLC system has been characterized by the elements of a symmetrical matrix, its dimension equal to the number of tested drugs (12 Such matrices have been written for the three TLC systems tested and they are presented in Fig. 2.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The specificity of the above mental state and the high frequency of taking the drugs involves a serious danger of overdosing -accidentally or for suicidal purposes. Consequently, the analytical pro-* To whom correspondence should be addressed ** Parts of this paper were presented at the 33rd International Congress on Forensic Toxicology, August 27-31, 1995, Thessaloniki, Greece, and the V th Polish Conference on Analytical Chemistry, September 3-8, 1995, Gdansk cedures capable of both identifying and quantifying these drugs are needed in forensic toxicological practice.A variety of analytical methods for determination of specific tricyclic drugs and phenothiazines and their metabolites has been published, including spectroscopy [1], fluorescence spectrophotometry [2], isotope derivative dilution [3] and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) [4,5], as well as the most popular, nowadays, gas (GC) [6,7] and liquid (HPLC) [8][9][10][11] chromatography, and immunoassay [12][13][14]. None of these methods, however, appears fully satisfactory for our problem, i.e.…”

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Optimum TLC system for identification of phenothiazines and tri- and tetracyclic antidepressants

et al. 1998

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Abstract. The TLC separation of twelve drugs from three pharmaceutical groups: phenothiazines and triand tetracyclic antidepressants is presented. Three kinds of eluents and two types of solid phases (RP 18 and Silica gel 60) were used. The composition of mobile phases was optimized by the Simplex method. In the basic optimization criterion the differences between Rf values of the spots corresponding to individual drugs were taken into account. An auxiliary criterion was based on the colour of the spots, which were developed with appropriate reagents. The experimental data obtained during optimization were interpreted using a matrix presentation. In the optimal conditions the differences between positions of the spots enable identification of ten of the examined drugs, but two remained unresolved. Key words: antidepressants identification, TLC, optimization.Depression is one of the most serious and frequent problems of contemporary society. Frequently, as a remedy for this state the physician prescribes tricyclic antidepressants -with or without phenothiazines. Recently the use of these drugs has considerably increased. The specificity of the above mental state and the high frequency of taking the drugs involves a serious danger of overdosing -accidentally or for suicidal purposes. Consequently, the analytical pro-* To whom correspondence should be addressed ** Parts of this paper were presented at the 33rd International Congress on Forensic Toxicology, August 27-31, 1995, Thessaloniki, Greece, and the V th Polish Conference on Analytical Chemistry, September 3-8, 1995, Gdansk cedures capable of both identifying and quantifying these drugs are needed in forensic toxicological practice.A variety of analytical methods for determination of specific tricyclic drugs and phenothiazines and their metabolites has been published, including spectroscopy [1], fluorescence spectrophotometry [2], isotope derivative dilution [3] and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) [4,5], as well as the most popular, nowadays, gas (GC) [6,7] and liquid (HPLC) [8][9][10][11] chromatography, and immunoassay [12][13][14]. None of these methods, however, appears fully satisfactory for our problem, i.e. simple and fast identification of unknown drugs in cases of overdose intoxication or poisoning.The problems concerning identification of phenothiazones and tricyclic antidepressants are caused mainly by their similar chemical structures and, consequently, similar physicochemical parameters (especially within each group), as illustrated in Fig. 1 [15]. Rather poor chemical stability of the drugs causes another problem, solved by determination of phenothiazines together with their metabolites [9,10]. Phenothiazines and their metabolites are known to interfere in the quantification of tricyclic antidepressants [16]. A method based on the interaction of individual or a few drugs with special reagents solves this problem [17,18]. An example of the above mentioned method [17] is phenothiazine structure compounds conversion to diphenylamine by desulfurizat...

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Optimum TLC system for identification of phenothiazines and tri- and tetracyclic antidepressants

et al. 1998

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Development of new extraction method based on liquid–liquid–liquid extraction followed by dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for extraction of three tricyclic antidepressants in plasma samples

Farajzadeh

Abbaspour

2018

Biomedical Chromatography

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In the present study, a new extraction method based on a three-phase system, liquid-liquid-liquid extraction, followed by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction has been developed and validated for the extraction and preconcentration of three commonly prescribed tricyclic antidepressant drugs - amitriptyline, imipramine, and clomipramine - in human plasma prior to their analysis by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection. The three phases were an aqueous phase (plasma), acetonitrile and n-hexane. The extraction mechanism was based on the different affinities of components of the biological sample (lipids, fatty acids, pharmaceuticals, inorganic ions, etc.) toward each of the phases. This provided high selectivity toward the analytes since most interferences were transferred into n-hexane. In this procedure, a homogeneous solution of the aqueous phase (plasma) and acetonitrile (water-soluble extraction solvent) was broken by adding sodium sulfate (as a phase separating agent) and the analytes were extracted into the fine droplets of the formed acetonitrile. Next, acetonitrile phase was mixed with 1,2-dibromoethane (as a preconcentration solvent at microliter level) and then the microextraction procedure mentioned above was performed for further enrichment of the analytes. Under the optimum extraction conditions, limits of detection and lower limits of quantification for the analytes were obtained in the ranges of 0.001-0.003 and 0.003-0.010 μg mL , respectively. The obtained extraction recoveries were in the range of 79-98%. Intra- and inter-day precisions were < 7.5%. The validated method was successfully applied for determination of the selected drugs in human plasma samples obtained from the patients who received them.

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Response surface methodology in the development of a stacking-sensitive capillary electrophoresis method for the analysis of tricyclic antidepressants in human serum

et al. 2005

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Stacking methods are very important in overcoming the poor detection limits in capillary electrophoresis (CE). In this paper, the separation and determination of several tricyclic antidepressants by a stacking method is described. The inclusion of acetonitrile (ACN) in the sample causes stacking (transient pseudoisotachophoresis) especially in presence of sodium chloride. An experimental design (central composite design) together with the response surface methodology has been used to find the optimum composition of the separation buffer and the optimal stacking conditions in few experiments. The response functions used are the product of the total resolution by the number of peaks, for the optimization of the separation buffer, and the product of the total resolution by the mean of the peak heights, for the optimization of the stacking conditions. About 28% of the capillary volume is loaded with sample. The calibration curves are linear over the working range (50-300 ng/mL). With a bubble capillary, the limits of detection (LODs) are in the order of 5 ng/mL. For the analysis of serum samples, enrichment with sodium chloride and the protein precipitation with ACN are enough to avoid interferences and to get stacking. Recoveries between 91.6 and 104% and RSD between 0.6 and 12% are obtained in the analysis of samples of lyophilized human serum and non-lyophilized human serum, spiked with the drugs.

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Plasma levels and tricyclic antidepressant therapy: Part I. A review of assay methods

Cited by 19 publications

References 78 publications

Optimum TLC system for identification of phenothiazines and tri- and tetracyclic antidepressants

Optimum TLC system for identification of phenothiazines and tri- and tetracyclic antidepressants

Development of new extraction method based on liquid–liquid–liquid extraction followed by dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for extraction of three tricyclic antidepressants in plasma samples

Response surface methodology in the development of a stacking-sensitive capillary electrophoresis method for the analysis of tricyclic antidepressants in human serum

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