Plasma levels of a low-dose constant-rate-infusion of ketamine and its effect on single and repeated nociceptive stimuli in conscious dogs

Stereoselective determination of drugs and metabolites in body fluids, tissues and microsomal preparations by capillary electrophoresis (2000–2010)

“…As with our previous compilation 10 years ago [26], insight into the achievements is presented via distinction between enantiomer analysis in fortified body fluids (Table 1), body fluids and tissues of humans and animals (Tables 2 and 3), in vitro preparations (Table 4) and in forensic biosamples (Table 5 [ ). Furthermore, the stereoselective CE work associated with a multidisciplinary ketamine project is presented separately (Table 6 [ [154][155][156][157][158][159][160][161][162][163][164][165][166][167][168][169]). Major focus is given on systems in which stereoisomers of parent drug and metabolites are analyzed together in one run.…”

“…Compared to the previous decade, during which mostly uncharched CDs were employed [26], we noted a strong increase of the use of charged CDs. S-␤-CD, with 7-11 mol sulfate/mol ␤-CD, was most often used [58,60,63,69,71,79,80,83,95,97,99,101,108,110,118,123,131,134,135,139,[154][155][156][157][158][159][160][161][162][163][164][165][166][167][168][169] whereas the better defined highly sulfated CD derivatives (HS-␤-CD and HS-␥-CD [170]) were only used in a few assays [50,51,72,111,144,145]. These and other selectors, such as phosphated-␥-CD (PH-␥-CD) [94,106,126], carboxymethyl-␤-CD (CM-␤-CD) or carboxymethyl-␥-CD (CM-␥-CD) …”

“…bolus drug administration under isoflurane anesthesia [160] rac-K, S-K NK Pony plasma Pharmacokinetics after single i.v. bolus drug administration and sedation with xylazine [161] rac-K, S-K NK Pony plasma Effects of low-dose infusion on nociceptive withdrawal reflex in standing ponies [162] rac-K, S-K NK Pony plasma Pharmacokinetics after constant rate, low dose (subanesthetic) infusion in ponies [163] rac-K, S-K NK Horse plasma Anesthesia recovery quality after low-dose infusion during anesthesia with isoflurane [164] rac-K NK Canine plasma Effect on nociceptive stimuli after low-dose constant rate infusion in concious dogs [165] rac-K, S-K NK Equine liver and lung microsomes…”

“…Furthermore, the metabolic fate of ketamine is not well known. All this led to a multidisciplinary, comprehensive enantioselective ketamine study with the involvement of clinicians, pharmacologists and scientists from Vetsuisse (veterinary medicine of Bern and Zürich), US, Argentina and our laboratory [154][155][156][157][158][159][160][161][162][163][164][165][166][167][168][169]. This work comprises pharmacokinetic, clinical, infusion and drug metabolism aspects in which enantioselective CE was used to investigate the stereoselectivity of (i) the biotransformation of ketamine to norketamine via determination of their enantiomers in plasma, urine and incubations of ketamine with microsomal preparations of different species, (ii) norketamine hydroxylation and formation of dehydronorketamine in different species and (iii) the human CYP enzymes metabolizing ketamine and norketamine (Table 6).…”

Chiral electromigration techniques in pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis

“…Thormann and colleagues have extensively studied the in vitro and in vivo metabolism of the anesthetic drug ketamine in equine plasma [129,130], dog plasma [131], equine, canine and human liver microsomes [132,133] and single human CYP isoenzymes [134]. The drug undergoes hepatic first-pass metabolism, the major pathways include N-demethylation to norketamine followed by hydroxylation and further glucuronidation or formation of 5,6-dehydronorketamine.…”