Plasma levels of soluble CD30, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and TNF receptors during primary HIV-1 infection: correlation with HIV-1 RNA and the clinical outcome

Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and TNF-related molecules in HIV-1+ individuals: relationship within vitroThl/Th2-type response

“…Both these membrane-mediated pathways may be important in the activation of latent HIV, especially in lymphoid organs where cell-cell contact is conducive to receptor-ligand interactions. Collectively, our results suggest the existence of an overall positive correlation between TNF-a secretion and TNF-related molecule expression, and also an expansion of the TNF system in HIV þ individuals, which is associated with enhanced HIV expression and with a more rapid progression of the disease [5,14,19].…”

“…Whether TNF-a is beneficial in association with a Th1-type immune response is unclear, although the pattern of correlation observed in CDC categories 1 and 2 may mirror beneficial cytotoxic responses. However, other results indicate that a persistent immune activation over time is detrimental, since it may lead to the availability of activated uninfected cells and subsequently enhanced HIV-1 infection and replication [14,28]. More understanding of the multi-component shifts in cytokine profiles would derive from studies with specific cell subpopulations, although this approach would be farther away from the in vivo situation.…”

“…Elevated levels of TNF-a, soluble TNF receptors (sTNFR) and sCD8, as well as sCD30, a member of the TNF/nerve growth factor superfamily, have been shown to be increased in the majority of patients in early HIV-1 infection and were prognostic for poor clinical outcome [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. Indeed, elevated levels of TNF-a and sCD30 were found to predict accurately a bad clinical outcome in patients with primary HIV-1 infection [14]. Altogether, these findings suggest that there is a close association between disease progression and early stage activation markers, as well as with loss of Th1-type cytokine production.…”

CD30 triggering by agonistic antibodies regulates CXCR4 expression and CXCL12 chemotactic activity in the cell line L540

“…16,20 These conditions include autoimmune diabetes in mouse models, 21 rheumatoid arthritis, 16 Omenn syndrome, 14 a severe immunodeficiency characterized by features reminiscent of a Th2-type response in which large proportions of tissue-infiltrating CD30 ϩ cells are present, measles 53 in which CD30 ϩ cell expansion is related to the impaired mitogenic capability of T lymphocytes, inadequate Th1-type responses, and cell recruitment to lymph nodes and skin. A faster progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome reported for asymptomatic HIV-1 ϩ patients with immune responses characterized by higher CD30 expression 22,23 may be explained by the combined effect of NF-B mobilization, 24 up-regulation of viral coreceptors such as CXCR4, 37 and diminishing ability to mount effective Th1-type responses, also related to the activity of anti-inflammatory CD30 ϩ cells. 16 Pathology-based evidence supports a functional association of CD30 with chemokines or receptors, such as CXCR4 and CCR7, that cooperate in directing cell trafficking.…”

“…3 This dual signaling may explain the pleiotropic effects after CD30 stimulation in CD30 ϩ lymphoma cell lines 18 and T cells, the latter acquiring a Th2-type function, 19 associated with inhibitory functions, 20 based on impaired clonal expansion of T cells. 10,20,21 High levels of soluble CD30 or TNF-␣ in the sera of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) at diagnosis have been shown to be an independent prognostic indicator of disease progression, 22,23 and the suggested role of CD30 in HIV-1 infection 15 has been linked to its ability to promote HIV-1 shedding through NF-B activation in infected cells. 24 The role of CD30 in HIV-1 infection, 15,22 the preferential association of CD30 with compartmentalized lymphoid subsets during differentiation 11 and effector responses, 16 and the evidence that Th1 versus Th2 or naive versus primed T cells are distinguished by specific patterns of CD30 8 and chemokine receptor expression 25,26 suggest some kind of relationship between CD30 signals and chemokine function.…”