Plasma Phospholipid Fatty Acids and Prostate Cancer Risk in the SELECT Trial

Brasky, Theodore M.; Darke, Amy K.; Song, Xiaoling; Tangen, Catherine M.; Goodman, Phyllis J.; Thompson, Ian M.; Meyskens, Frank L.; Goodman, Gary E.; Minasian, Lori M.; Parnes, Howard L.; Klein, Eric A.; Kristal, Alan R.

doi:10.1093/jnci/djt174

Cited by 273 publications

(214 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Two recent studies have associated n-3 LC-PUFA status with prostate cancer (Brasky et al, 2011(Brasky et al, , 2013. The interpretation of these data has been criticized on a number of grounds including the fact that n-3 LC-PUFA intake was not monitored in these studies and, as n-3 LC-PUFA supplementation is not uncommon in cancer patients (see above), the reason for the observed association between n-3 LC-PUFA and prostate cancer cannot be established.…”

Section: Negative Reportsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and aquaculture in perspective

2015

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Abbreviations: ARA, arachidonic acid (20:4n-6); CVD, cardiovascular disease; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3); DPA, docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n-3); EFA, essential fatty acid; Elovl, fatty acid elongase; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3); Fads, fatty acyl desaturase; FM, fishmeal; FO, fish oil; LC-PUFA, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (≥ C20 ≥ 3 double bonds); LOA, linoleic acid (18:2n-6); LNA, linolenic acid (18:3n-3); PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid; TAG, triacylglycerol; VO, vegetable oil. ABSTRACTIn the 40 years since the essentiality of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in fish was first established by determining quantitative requirements for 18:3n-3 and 18:2n-6 in rainbow trout, essential fatty acid (EFA) research has gone through distinct phases. For 20 years the focus was primarily on determining qualitative and quantitative EFA requirements of fish species. Nutritional and biochemical studies showed major differences between fish species based on whether C 18 PUFA or long-chain (LC)-PUFA were required to satisfy requirements. In contrast, in the last 20 years, research emphasis shifted to determining "optimal" levels of EFA to support growth of fish fed diets with increased lipid content and where growth expectations were much higher. This required greater knowledge of the roles and functions of EFA in metabolism and physiology, and how these impacted on fish health and disease. Requirement studies were more focused on early life stages, in particular larval marine fish, defining not only levels, but also balances between different EFA. Finally, a major driver in the last 10-15 years has been the unavoidable replacement of fish oil and fishmeal in feeds and the impacts that this can have on n-3 LC-PUFA contents of diets and farmed fish, and the human consumer. Thus, dietary n-3 in fish feeds can be defined by three levels.Firstly, the minimum level required to satisfy EFA requirements and thus prevent nutritional pathologies. This level is relatively small and easy to supply even with today's current high demand for fish oil. The second level is that required to sustain maximum growth and optimum health in fish being fed modern high-energy diets. The balance between different PUFA and LC-PUFA is important and defining them is more challenging, and so ideal levels and balances are still not well understood, particularly in relation to fish health. The third level is currently driving much research; how can we supply sufficient n-3 LC-PUFA to maintain the nutritional quality of farmed fish at the same level as 20 years ago, and similar or better than in wild fish? This level far exceeds the biological requirements of the fish itself and to satisfy it we require entirely new sources of n-3 LC-PUFA. We cannot rely on the finite and limited marine resources that we can sustainably harvest or 3 efficiently recycle. We need to produce n-3 LC-PUFA de novo and all possible options should be considered.Keywords: Fish oil; essential fatty acids; nutrition; health; metabolism; sustainability 4 Highl...

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Section: Negative Reportsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and aquaculture in perspective

2015

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“…The latter is a re-analysis of the study by Crowe et al (2008), which was already included in the meta-analyses. The applicant provided another publication (Brasky et al, 2013) which included a meta-analysis of nested case-control studies on the relationship between blood biomarkers of EPA and DHA (expressed as a percentage of total fatty acids) and prostate cancer.…”

Section: Risk Of Prostate Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the Panel notes that there is no rationale for combining the results obtained for DHA and for EPA individually in a pooled estimate. Brasky et al (2013) performed a meta-analysis of seven nested-case control studies which reported on the associations between blood biomarkers of DHA and EPA and total, low-grade and high-grade prostate cancer risk. The analysis included four of the five nested-case control studies included in the pooled estimates from Sorongon- Legaspi et al (2013) and Chua et al (2013), along with three additional studies which were not included before because they were reported to introduce high heterogeneity (Mannisto et al, 2003), for unknown reasons (Chavarro et al, 2007), or for later publication (Brasky et al, 2013).…”

Section: Nested Case-control and Case-control Studies On Blood Biomarmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Brasky et al (2013) performed a meta-analysis of seven nested-case control studies which reported on the associations between blood biomarkers of DHA and EPA and total, low-grade and high-grade prostate cancer risk. The analysis included four of the five nested-case control studies included in the pooled estimates from Sorongon- Legaspi et al (2013) and Chua et al (2013), along with three additional studies which were not included before because they were reported to introduce high heterogeneity (Mannisto et al, 2003), for unknown reasons (Chavarro et al, 2007), or for later publication (Brasky et al, 2013). The RR in the highest vs. lowest quantile of plasma DHA was significantly higher for total (RR = 1.16, 95 % CI = 1.03-1.31; I 2 = 60.5 %, p = 0.02), low-grade (RR = 1.20, 95 % CI = 1.04-1.38; I 2 = 57.5 %, p = 0.05) and high-grade prostate cancer (RR = 1.48, 95 % CI = 1.10-1.99; I 2 = 47.3 %, p = 0.11).…”

Section: Nested Case-control and Case-control Studies On Blood Biomarmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Considering the individual results of available nested case-control studies which looked at DHA alone and total prostate cancer risk, three reported a positive association (Crowe et al, 2008;Brasky et al, 2011;Brasky et al, 2013), three found no significant association (Harvei et al, 1997;Mannisto et al, 2003;Park et al, 2009) and two found a negative association (Norrish et al, 1999;Chavarro et al, 2007); no significant association was found in the five available case-control studies (Godley et al, 1996;Newcomer et al, 2001;Ukoli et al, 2009;Shannon et al, 2010;Ukoli et al, 2010). With respect to DHA and low-or high-grade prostate cancer risk, one nested case-control study reported a positive association for low-but not high-grade prostate cancer (Brasky et al, 2013), while another nested case-control study reported opposite findings (Brasky et al, 2011); three nestedcase control (Chavarro et al, 2007;Crowe et al, 2008;Park et al, 2009) and one case-control study (Shannon et al, 2010) found no significant association with either low-or high-grade prostate cancer. Overall, the Panel notes that results from studies on an association between blood biomarkers of DHA and EPA and prostate cancer risk are inconsistent, with a majority of nested case-control and casecontrol studies finding null or negative associations.…”

Section: Nested Case-control and Case-control Studies On Blood Biomarmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Scientific Opinion on the extension of use for DHA and EPA-rich algal oil fromSchizochytriumsp. as a Novel Food ingredient

Products¹

2014

EFSA Journal

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Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on an extension of use for docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)-rich algal oil from Schizochytrium sp. as a novel food ingredient (NFI) in the context of Regulation (EC) No 258/97. The NFI is already authorised for use in a range of foodstuffs at specified maximum levels. The applicant requests an extension of use of the NFI in food supplements up to a maximum DHA and EPA content of 3 g per daily dose for the adult population, excluding pregnant and lactating women. In a previous opinion on the Tolerable Upper Intake Level of EPA, DHA and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), the Panel concluded that supplemental intake of EPA and DHA combined at doses up to 5 g/day, does not give rise to safety concerns for adults. Based on estimations of high intake of DHA and EPA from the NFI which are considered to be conservative, the Panel considers that this level will not be exceeded by the use of the NFI. The conclusion that there are no safety concerns for the NFI is supported by a 90-day study in which no adverse effect was observed at the highest dose tested of 5 %, equivalent to 3.149 and 3.343 g NFI/kg body weight per day for male and female rats. Following a request from a Member State, the Panel reviewed the evidence for an association between DHA and/or EPA intake and risk of prostate cancer. The Panel considers that, on the basis of available data, there is no evidence for a role of EPA and/or DHA intake in the development of prostate cancer. The Panel concludes that the NFI is safe under the proposed extension of use.

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Oral Fluoroquinolone Use and Retinal Detachment

Brett

2013

JAMA

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Plasma Phospholipid Fatty Acids and Prostate Cancer Risk in the SELECT Trial

Cited by 273 publications

References 45 publications

Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and aquaculture in perspective

Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and aquaculture in perspective

Scientific Opinion on the extension of use for DHA and EPA-rich algal oil fromSchizochytriumsp. as a Novel Food ingredient

Oral Fluoroquinolone Use and Retinal Detachment

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