Plasma Prolactin Concentrations and Risk of Postmenopausal Breast Cancer

Tworoger, Shelley S.; Eliassen, A. Heather; Rosner, Bernard; Sluss, Patrick M.; Hankinson, Susan E.

doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-1870

Cited by 195 publications

(137 citation statements)

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“…Women with high estrogen levels were more likely to go on to develop breast cancer [4]. Postmenopausal women with high plasma estrogen levels have twice the risk of developing breast cancer as women with low levels [5].Prolactin hormone is essential for breast development and lactation [6][7][8]. High plasma prolactin levels were associated with a modestly increased risk of postmenopausal breast cancer [7,8].…”

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“…Prolactin hormone is essential for breast development and lactation [6][7][8]. High plasma prolactin levels were associated with a modestly increased risk of postmenopausal breast cancer [7,8].…”

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“…High plasma prolactin levels were associated with a modestly increased risk of postmenopausal breast cancer [7,8]. About 95% of breast cancers expressed receptors for prolactin, meaning that they would be responsive to the stimulatory effect of prolactin [9][10][11].…”

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Relationship between plasma progesterone, estradiol and prolactin concentrations and breast cancer in pre and postmenopausal women

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et al. 2010

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74Breast cancer is the second most common cancer among women after skin cancer and is the second most common cause of death among women after lung cancer. The causes of breast cancer are very complicated. Although about 7% of breast cancers are of genetical background, the rest are due to environmental causes [1]. Hormones such as estrogen, progesterone and prolactin are implicated in a number of ways as possible causes of breast cancer. Throughout women life cycle, breast development and function depend on complex critical interplay of these hormones [2]. Many breast cancers are hormone dependent, meaning hormones turn on breast cancer cell growth.Estradiol is considered the most significant breast cancer risk factor because of its direct role in stimulation breast cell division or via its effects on other hormones and due its support of the growth of estrogen-responsive tumors [2]. Although, no study has clearly demonstrated a relationship between breast cancer and estrogen levels in premenopausal women [3]. Women with high estrogen levels were more likely to go on to develop breast cancer [4]. Postmenopausal women with high plasma estrogen levels have twice the risk of developing breast cancer as women with low levels [5].Prolactin hormone is essential for breast development and lactation [6][7][8]. High plasma prolactin levels were associated with a modestly increased risk of postmenopausal breast cancer [7,8]. About 95% of breast cancers expressed receptors for prolactin, meaning that they would be responsive to the stimulatory effect of prolactin [9][10][11]. However, in a study by Tworoger et al [12], a non significant positive relationship between prolactin levels and postmenopausal breast cancer was observed. Progesterone stimulates breast development during pregnancy [13]. About 65% of estrogen positive breast Received March 31, 2009Hormones such as estrogen, progesterone and prolactin are implicated in a number of ways as possible causes of breast cancer. Throughout women life cycle, breast development and function depend on complex critical interplay of these hormones. The acknowledged gaps in our understanding concerning progesterone, estrogen and prolactin hormones involvement in human breast cancer has exposed the need to conduct this study for better understanding of the role played by these hormones in breast cancer during pre and post menopause status in order to influence prevention and treatment of breast cancer. Ninety women were enrolled, (80%) of them were breast cancer patients and the other (20%) were breast benign lesion patients. At attending King Hussein Medical Center, blood samples were collected and analyzed for plasma estradiol, prolactin and progesterone. Of the 72 breast cancer patients (66.6% and 33.4%), and of the 18 breast benign patients (27.8% and 72.2%) were in menopause and premenopausal, respectively. Of the breast cancer and benign patients groups, 55.6% of each had an association with either high plasma estradiol, prolactin or progesterone concentrations. Of the brea...

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Relationship between plasma progesterone, estradiol and prolactin concentrations and breast cancer in pre and postmenopausal women

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Atoum²,

Al-Hourani³

et al. 2010

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“…1 The peptide hormone prolactin, essential in mammary development and lactation, is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer in both premenopausal 2 (Tworoger et al, 2006, submitted) and postmenopausal [3][4][5][6] women, likely through an increase in cell proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis. 7 Thus, prolactin may be one of potentially many hormonal links between reproductive risk factors and the incidence of breast cancer.…”

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Reproductive factors and family history of breast cancer in relation to plasma prolactin levels in premenopausal and postmenopausal women

Eliassen

Tworoger

Hankinson

2007

Intl Journal of Cancer

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Many reproductive factors are associated with breast cancer risk, potentially through a hormonal pathway. The peptide hormone prolactin is essential in mammary development and lactation and may be a link between risk factors and breast cancer. While higher prolactin levels are associated with increased breast cancer risk, few determinants of prolactin levels are known. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis among 1,089 premenopausal and 1,311 postmenopausal women within the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) and the NHS II to examine the associations of reproductive factors, benign breast disease and family history of breast cancer with plasma prolactin levels. Parous women had significantly lower prolactin levels than nulliparous women (parous vs. nulliparous multivariate-adjusted geometric means 5 14.1 ng/mL vs. 16.6 ng/mL, p < 0.001 for premenopausal and 9.1 vs. 10.1, p 5 0.04 for postmenopausal women), although levels did not decrease with increasing number of children for either premenopausal (p-trend 5 0.23) or postmenopausal (p-trend 5 0.07) parous women. Age at first birth was not associated with prolactin levels. The reduction in prolactin levels among parous premenopausal women appeared to attenuate with increasing time since first birth, but the trend was not statistically significant (p-trend 5 0.12). Age at menarche, duration of lactation and benign breast disease were not associated with prolactin levels. Family history of breast cancer was associated with significantly higher prolactin levels when compared with no family history among premenopausal (15.9 ng/mL vs. 14.3 ng/ mL, p 5 0.04) but not postmenopausal (p 5 0.73) women. In conclusion, the associations of parity and family history with breast cancer risk may be mediated, at least in part, by prolactin levels. ' 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.Key words: prolactin; reproductive factors; family history Many reproductive factors consistently associated with breast cancer risk, such as age at menarche, parity and age at first birth, likely affect risk through a hormonal pathway. 1 The peptide hormone prolactin, essential in mammary development and lactation, is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer in both premenopausal 2 (Tworoger et al., 2006, submitted) and postmenopausal 3-6 women, likely through an increase in cell proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis. 7 Thus, prolactin may be one of potentially many hormonal links between reproductive risk factors and the incidence of breast cancer. 7,8 While the association between prolactin levels and breast cancer risk is fairly consistent, whether lifestyle or reproductive factors influence prolactin levels is not well known. A number of cross-sectional studies have observed an inverse association between parity and prolactin levels in both premenopausal 9-13 and postmenopausal 9,14 women, although whether prolactin levels decline further after the first pregnancy is unclear. Other birthrelated factors, such as age at first birth, time since last birth and history of lactation, have been assessed in ...

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“…Higher prolactin levels have been associated with an increased risk of postmenopausal breast cancer (Hankinson et al, 1999;Tworoger et al, 2004). However, the results of several studies of a possible association between antidepressant use and breast cancer risk have been inconsistent (see Discussion section).…”

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Use of antidepressant medications in relation to the incidence of breast cancer

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Although associations have been reported between antidepressant use and risk of breast cancer, the findings have been inconsistent. We conducted a population-based case -control study among women enrolled in Group Health Cooperative (GHC), a health maintenance organization in Washington State. Women with a first primary breast cancer diagnosed between 1990 and 2001 were identified (N ¼ 2904) and five controls were selected for each case (N ¼ 14396). Information on antidepressant use was ascertained through the GHC pharmacy database and on breast cancer risk factors and screening mammograms from GHC records. Prior to one year before diagnosis of breast cancer, about 20% of cases and controls had used tricyclic antidepressants (adjusted odds ratio ¼ 1.06, 95% CI 0.94 -1.19) and 6% of each group had used selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (OR ¼ 0.98, 95% CI 0.80 -1.18). There also were no differences between cases and controls with regard to the number of prescriptions filled or the timing of use. Taken as a whole, the results from this and other studies to date do not indicate an altered risk of breast cancer associated with the use of antidepressants overall, by class, or for individual antidepressants.

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Plasma Prolactin Concentrations and Risk of Postmenopausal Breast Cancer

Cited by 195 publications

References 44 publications

Relationship between plasma progesterone, estradiol and prolactin concentrations and breast cancer in pre and postmenopausal women

Relationship between plasma progesterone, estradiol and prolactin concentrations and breast cancer in pre and postmenopausal women

Reproductive factors and family history of breast cancer in relation to plasma prolactin levels in premenopausal and postmenopausal women

Use of antidepressant medications in relation to the incidence of breast cancer

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