Plasma prolactin level and risk of incident hypertension in postmenopausal women

Zhang, Luxia; Curhan, Gary C.; Forman, John P.

doi:10.1097/hjh.0b013e328339f254

Cited by 42 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 27 publications

(42 reference statements)

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“…In the opposite direction, a loss-of-function SNP in the GPR10 gene, which codes for the prolactin-releasing peptide receptor, is associated with reduced BP (20). Recently, a cohort study has demonstrated that a higher daytime plasma prolactin level is associated with an increased risk of incident hypertension among postmenopausal women (21). These results imply that circulating prolactin levels are positively correlated with BP in humans.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prolactin alters blood pressure by modulating the activity of endothelial nitric oxide synthase

Chang

Grant

Tomita

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Increased levels of a cleaved form of prolactin (molecular weight 16 kDa) have been associated with preeclampsia. To study the effects of prolactin on blood pressure (BP), we generated male mice with a single-copy transgene (Tg; inserted into the hypoxanthineguanine phosphoribosyltransferase locus) that enables inducible hepatic production of prolactin and its cleavage product. The Tg is driven by the indole-3-carbinol (I3C)-inducible rat cytochrome P450 1A1 promoter. When the Tg mice were fed normal chow (NC), plasma prolactin concentrations were comparable to those in female WT mice in the last third of pregnancy, and BP was lower than in WT mice (∼95 mm Hg vs. ∼105 mm Hg). When the Tg mice were fed chow containing IC3, plasma prolactin concentrations increased threefold, BP increased to ∼130 mm Hg, and cardiac function became markedly impaired. IC3 chow did not affect the WT mice. Urinary excretion of nitrite/nitrate and the amount of Ser1177-phosphorylated endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (eNOS) were significantly greater in the Tg mice fed NC than in WT mice, as they are during pregnancy. However, when I3C was fed, these indicators of NO production became significantly less in the Tg mice than in WT mice. The effects of increased plasma prolactin were abolished by a genetic absence of eNOS. Thus, a threefold increase in plasma prolactin is sufficient to increase BP significantly and to markedly impair cardiac function, with effects mediated by NO produced by eNOS. We suggest that pregnant women with abnormally high prolactin levels may need special attention.hypertension | lactation | protein kinase B/Akt P rolactin, a 23-kDa polypeptide hormone, is a potent multifunctional cytokine with a broad range of biological effects, including water and salt balance, lactogenesis, cell proliferation and differentiation, testicular Leydig cell function, T-cell immunity, pancreatic β-cell function, hematopoiesis, and adipogenesis (1). Prolactin is physiologically secreted mainly from the anterior lobe of pituitary gland. The secretion is negatively regulated by dopamine and positively regulated by prolactin-releasing peptide (2) synthesized in the hypothalamus. The levels of prolactin in the serum, urine, and amniotic fluids are significantly higher in patients with preeclampsia than in subjects with normal pregnancy (3-5), suggesting that prolactin is involved in the pathogenesis of pregnancy-associated hypertension. However, animal experiments have shown inconsistent effects of prolactin on blood pressure (BP). Thus, acute i.v. infusion of prolactin increased BP in rabbits (6), but, when ovine prolactin was chronically given i.p. via an osmotic minipump in rats, BP was decreased (7). It has also been reported that chronic prolactin infusion caused an increase in urinary sodium, potassium, and water excretion, but no significant changes in arterial pressure, in rats (8).To study the chronic effects of different plasma concentrations of prolactin on BP and general well-being, we have generated male mice with a si...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prolactin alters blood pressure by modulating the activity of endothelial nitric oxide synthase

Chang

Grant

Tomita

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…However, Leanos-Miranda et al [17] showed that urinary PRL excretion was markedly elevated in pre-eclampsia and that this parameter can be considered a reliable biomarker for pre-eclampsia in pregnancy. PRL blood levels were found higher in patients with essential hypertension [16]. PRL may play a role in accelerated arteriosclerosis in early menopause, by affecting blood pressure and arterial stiffness [18].…”

Section: Effects On Cardiovascular Systemmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Prolactin presents vasoconstrictive actions, best established in pregnancy but also demonstrated in other conditions [15,16]. Many studies demonstrated high-serum PRL levels in pregnancyinduced hypertension and pre-eclampsia, but this association remains controversal.…”

Section: Effects On Cardiovascular Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hyperprolactinemia: pathophysiology and therapeutic approach

Capozzi¹,

Scambia²,

Pontecorvi³

et al. 2015

Gynecological Endocrinology

108

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Prolactin (PRL) is a hormone, mainly secreted by lactotroph cells of the anterior pituitary gland. Recent studies have shown it may also be produced by many extrapituitary cells. Its well-recognized PRL plays an important role in lactation during pregnancy, but it is involved in other biological functions such as angiogenesis, immunoregulation and osmoregulation. Hyperprolactinemia is a typical condition producing reproductive dysfunction in both sexes, resulting in hypogonadism, infertility and galactorrhea. It may be also asymptomatic. Lactotroph adenomas (prolactinoma) is one of the most common cause of PRL excess, representing approximately 40% of all pituitary tumors. Several other conditions should be excluded before a clear diagnosis of hyperprolactinemia is made. Hyperprolactinemia may be secondary to pharmacological or pathological interruption of hypothalamic-pituitary dopaminergic pathways or idiopathic. Stress, renal failure or hypothyroidism are other frequent conditions to exclude in patients with hyperprolactinemia. We will review biochemical characteristics and physiological functions of that hormone. Clinical and pharmacological approach to hyperprolactinemia will also be discussed.

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“…Prolactin levels ≥8.0 ng/ml were found to be predictive for hypertension with a sensitivity and specificity of 100 and 71% [17]. A higher daytime plasma prolactin level was independently associated with increased risk of hypertension in postmenopausal women [18]. Confirming these, a single dose (2.5 mg) of bromocriptine caused a significant fall in arterial pressure 2 h after its administration in hypertensive menopausal women (p < 0.01) [19].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Association between Prolactin, High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein and Framingham Risk Score in Menopause

Özdemir

Çağlar²,

Akgül³

et al. 2014

Gynecol Obstet Invest

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Aims: To evaluate the association between serum prolactin, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels and cardiovascular disease risk in postmenopausal women regarding the Framingham Risk Score (FRS). Methods: Fifty-eight menopausal women were enrolled into the cross-sectional study. All participants had 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, echocardiography, electrocardiography, and carotid intima-media thickness measurement. Blood samples were obtained for prolactin, hs-CRP, lipid profile, fasting glucose, and insulin. Results: Among the participants, 67.24% had a FRS <10%, and 32.75% had a FRS ≥10%. Levels of prolactin and hs-CRP did not differ between the FRS groups. In the FRS <10% group, significantly higher levels of prolactin were found. Cases with hypertension have significantly higher levels of hs-CRP. Prolactin and hs-CRP were found to be associated with hypertension in the FRS <10% and ≥10% groups, respectively. Conclusions: Hypertensive postmenopausal women with low risk for cardiovascular diseases have increased levels of prolactin, suggesting a possible role in the pathogenesis of hypertension. The correlation of hs-CRP with systolic blood pressure can be interpreted as a potential effect of hypertensive heart disease reflecting a state of high-risk milieu with elevated inflammatory markers.

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Plasma prolactin level and risk of incident hypertension in postmenopausal women

Cited by 42 publications

References 27 publications

Prolactin alters blood pressure by modulating the activity of endothelial nitric oxide synthase

Prolactin alters blood pressure by modulating the activity of endothelial nitric oxide synthase

Hyperprolactinemia: pathophysiology and therapeutic approach

The Association between Prolactin, High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein and Framingham Risk Score in Menopause

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