Plasma β‐endorphin, cortisol and immune responses to acute exercise are altered by age and exercise training in horses

Malinowski, Karyn; Shock, Endotoxemic; Rochelle, P.; Kearns, Charles F.; Guirnalda, Patrick; McKeever, Kenneth H.

doi:10.1111/j.2042-3306.2006.tb05551.x

Cited by 51 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…In a similar trial, we offered CC (2 g starch/kg BW) to older horses (mean age 11.8 6 1 years) and found glucose peaks up to 7 mmol/l and maximum insulin responses up to 85 mU/ml (Vervuert et al, 2008b), which are comparable to those changes obtained in whole oats (Vervuert et al, 2008c) or rolled barley (Jose-Cunilleras et al, 2004;Vervuert et al, 2008a). Similar to our findings, higher glucose and insulin responses were reported in aged horses (.20 years) than in young horses (,5 years) after an oral glucose challenge (Ralston et al, 1988;Malinowski et al, 2006). Recent research indicates a negative impact on insulin sensitivity in horses fed high glycaemic meals over a period of months (Hoffman et al, 2003;Treiber et al, 2005).…”

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confidence: 90%

“…Diet P 5 0.23, time P , 0.001, diet 3 time P 5 0.80. Effects of feeding state were reported in aged horses (.20 years) than in young horses (,5 years) after an oral glucose challenge (Ralston et al, 1988;Malinowski et al, 2006). Recent research indicates a negative impact on insulin sensitivity in horses fed high glycaemic meals over a period of months (Hoffman et al, 2003;Treiber et al, 2005).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of feeding state on glycaemic and insulinaemic responses to a starchy meal in horses: a methodological approach

Vervuert

Klein

Coenen

2009

Animal

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A standardised methodology is required for classification of starchy diets. One important question is what feeding status is optimal to describe glycaemic and insulinaemic responses to the respective starchy diet. Four horses were fed, in a randomised order, four different feeding protocols relative to offering hay before or after cracked corn (CC): (i) ad libitum hay for 12 h before feeding CC and ad libitum hay after CC intake for 9 h (1CC1), (ii) ad libitum hay for 12 h before feeding CC and no hay after CC intake for 9 h (1CC2), (iii) feed restriction for 12 h before feeding CC and ad libitum hay after CC intake for 9 h (2CC1) and (iv) 1.2 kg hay/100 kg body weight (BW) per day, divided into two equal portions and offered at 0900 h and 1900 h, feed restriction for 12 h before feeding CC and no hay after CC intake for 9 h (2CC2). CC intake was adjusted to a starch intake of 2 g/kg BW. The different hay offerings did not affect basal plasma glucose and insulin levels. A significant rise in plasma glucose and insulin was found after CC intake for all diets. The highest peak glucose levels were analysed for 2CC1, and the lowest glucose peaks were found for 1CC2 (diet P , 0.05). The highest insulin peaks were monitored for 2CC1 (31.27 6 18.19 mU/ml) and lower peaks for 1CC2 (13.36 6 2.93 mU/ml) (diet P , 0.05). Insulin for 2CC2 and 1CC2 returned to resting values about 300 min after CC feeding. For 1CC1 and 2CC1, insulin levels were still above resting levels 510 min after CC intake (diet P , 0.05). The present data suggest that feed restriction for 12 h before feeding the starchy diet and no further roughage intake during blood sampling period provide the best-defined conditions. Keywords: feed restriction, starch intake, glucose, insulin, horses Implications A standardised methodology is required for classification of starchy diets (e.g. grain processing techniques) on glycaemic and insulinaemic responses in horses. Differences in results obtained for horses might be due to differences in experimental protocols. The present data suggest that feed restriction for 12 h before feeding the starchy diet and no further ingestion of roughage during the blood sampling period provides the best-defined conditions. Hay is a very heterogeneous feedstuff (e.g. large differences in nutrient composition or total amount of hay consumed during ad libitum access); therefore, a precise description of the side effects of hay composition on metabolic responses is hard to define. IntroductionIn horses, several studies have been conducted to describe glycaemic and insulinaemic responses to a starchy meal with a focus on grain origin (Stull and Rodiek, 1988; JoseCunilleras et al., 2004;Rodiek and Stull, 2007), different grain processing techniques (Vervuert et al., 2003(Vervuert et al., , 2004(Vervuert et al., , 2007(Vervuert et al., and 2008a or the interaction between starch and other nutrients like fiber (Stull and Rodiek, 1988;Radicke et al., 1994;Pagan and Harris, 1999;Harris et al., 2005;Vervuert et al., 2008b and2008c) or fat (...

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supporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of feeding state on glycaemic and insulinaemic responses to a starchy meal in horses: a methodological approach

Vervuert

Klein

Coenen

2009

Animal

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“…Exercise leads to an increase in cortisol, in humans as well as in horses [19][20][21][22][23][24]. However, by taking saliva samples during a board game competition in Japan, researchers found that changes in salivary cortisol after competition are associated with winning and losing, even if this game does not need physical exercise [25].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rider and Horse Salivary Cortisol Levels During Competition and Impact on Performance

Peeters

Closson

Beckers

et al. 2013

Journal of Equine Veterinary Science

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a b s t r a c tDuring competition, stress may affect riders and horses. This stress can affect health, welfare, and/or performance. Our aim was to quantify stress levels during competition in horses and riders. We also searched relationships between these stress levels and performance. Twenty riders and 23 horses were followed up during a show-jumping event (26 courses) held at a riding school. Regular saliva samples taken from horses and riders were assayed to evaluate cortisol levels. We studied salivary cortisol evolution during the days of competition. There was no correlation between instantaneous sampling on horses and their riders. However, we did find a parallel between horse and rider salivary cortisol evolution curves, with a similar peak, reached 20 minutes after the course. The increase was stronger in riders than in horses. Correlations appeared between salivary cortisol concentration and performance, but stress in both partners seems to have an opposite influence on performance. Riders who showed a higher salivary cortisol increase were awarded more penalties, whereas horses that showed a higher increase in salivary cortisol performed better. Stress level measurement in riderehorse pairs would thus lead to improvement in competition conditions and performance, for horses as well as for riders.

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“…Stress hormones, including catecholamines and particularly cortisol are discussed most often [3,7,8,18,23]. However, the process is multifactorial and may be affected also by other hormones including growth hormone and insulin, but also cytokines, growth factors, aminoacids, glucose, vitamins and oxidant/antioxidant balance [4,7,8,19,24,25].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental immunology Lymphocyte proliferation activity after limited (Light class) and long (CEI) distance endurance rides in horses

Cywińska¹,

Szarska²,

Gorecka³

et al. 2012

cejoi

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Plasma β‐endorphin, cortisol and immune responses to acute exercise are altered by age and exercise training in horses

Abstract: This study provides important information on the effects of ageing and training that will aid in the management and care of an increasing number of active older horses.

Cited by 51 publications

References 30 publications

Effects of feeding state on glycaemic and insulinaemic responses to a starchy meal in horses: a methodological approach

Effects of feeding state on glycaemic and insulinaemic responses to a starchy meal in horses: a methodological approach

Rider and Horse Salivary Cortisol Levels During Competition and Impact on Performance

Experimental immunology Lymphocyte proliferation activity after limited (Light class) and long (CEI) distance endurance rides in horses

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