Plasmid encoded bacteriophage resistance in SK11

Devos, Wm; Underwood, H. M.; Lyndondavies, F

doi:10.1016/0378-1097(84)90203-9

Cited by 39 publications

(33 citation statements)

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“…When cells were grown in milk, in which amino acids are assumed to be growth limiting (31), a lower growth rate was found for the phage-resistant strain (12). These results indicate that possession of plasmid pSK112, which encodes phage resistance in SK110 (6), renders a competitive disadvantage to strains grown in milk. It is not clear whether this disadvantage is due to the differences in LTA composition at the cell surface or whether it is determined by other factors.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…cremoris SKlO is encoded by plasmid pSK112 (6), the differences in galactose contents of LTAs isolated from SKllO and SK112 may be due to one or more enzymes present in the phageresistant strain. Transfer of galactose from UDP-galactose into lipids and an extracellular polymer by membrane-bound enzymes prepared from Streptococcus mutans has recently been reported by Chiu (5 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…cremoris SK110 is resistant to phage sk1lG. This is due to poor phage adsorption to this strain as compared with adsorption of the phage to a phage-sensitive derivative, SK112 (6,27). Previously (27), we demonstrated that phage resistance of SK110 is caused by blocking of the receptor site and not by the absence of phage receptor material.…”

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Isolation and characterization of lipoteichoic acid, a cell envelope component involved in preventing phage adsorption, from Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris SK110

1990

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The cell envelope of the phage-resistant Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris SK110 differed from its phage-sensitive variant by the presence of a galactosyl-containing component. This component was present in material obtained from SK110 by a mild alkali treatment. In a similar fraction extracted from SK112, no galactosyl-containing components were detected. With respect to gel permeation chromatography and electrophoretic mobility, identical characteristics of the alkali-extracted material and purified lipoteichoic acid (LTA) were measured. Chemical analysis of the latter component showed the absence of galactose in LTA isolated from SK112, whereas it was present in LTA obtained from SK110. In this paper, we propose that galactosyl-containing LTA is involved in preventing phage adsorption to L. kactis subsp. cremoris SK110.In recent years, much attention has been paid to phage resistance in lactic acid bacteria (for a review, see reference 14). Strategies which supply bacteria with resistance towards bacteriophage infection are (i) inhibition of phage adsorption, which may be accomplished by the absence of the phage receptor or by blocking of the receptor, (ii) prevention of DNA injection, and (iii) degradation of phage DNA by bacterial restriction enzymes.Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris SK110 is resistant to phage sk1lG. This is due to poor phage adsorption to this strain as compared with adsorption of the phage to a phage-sensitive derivative, SK112 (6, 27). Previously (27), we demonstrated that phage resistance of SK110 is caused by blocking of the receptor site and not by the absence of phage receptor material.With respect to cell surface characteristics, the two strains showed large differences (26). Cells of SK110 aggregated with the Ricinus communis lectin, while cells of SK112 did not. As this lectin binds galactosyl groups (20), galactose appeared to be present at the surface of the resistant strain. Furthermore, ethanol precipitates obtained from extracts of cells of SK110 contained a high level of galactose compared with the level in an identical fraction from SK112 (27). A mild alkali treatment of the phage-resistant strain enhanced phage adsorption and concomitantly decreased the high galactose level. On the basis of these results, we suggested the involvement of a galactose-containing surface component in preventing phage adsorption to SK110 (27).Sugar polymers present at the cell surface may be phosphate-containing polysaccharides like teichoic acids, which are covalently bound to the peptidoglycan. In L. lactis subsp. cremoris strains, however, no teichoic acids have been detected so far (13, 23). Galactose-containing polymers that have been described as cell surface components in lactococci are lipoteichoic acids (LTAs) (9,24,34,35).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Isolation and characterization of lipoteichoic acid, a cell envelope component involved in preventing phage adsorption, from Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris SK110

1990

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“…Plasmid DNA was isolated from E. coli by the alkaline lysis method of Birnboim & Doly Proteinase genes of L. lactis subsp. lactis 71 1 (1979) and from L. lactis by a modification of this method (de Vos et al, 1984). DNA was then prepared for analysis essentially as described by Hayes er al.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cloning and partial sequencing of the proteinase gene complex from Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis UC317

Law¹,

Vos²,

Hayes³

et al. 1992

Journal of General Microbiology

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The proteinase genes from Lactococcus factis subsp. factis UC317 were identified on a plasmid, pCI310, which is a deletion derivative of a cointegrate between pCI301, the 75 kb Lac Prt plasmid from UC317 and the 38.5 kb cryptic plasmid from that strain. The prt genes were cloned using a replacement cloning strategy whereby fragments from pCI310 were exchanged with the equivalent fragments in pNZ521, which contains the cloned proteinase genes from L. factis subsp. factis SK112. This generated two plasmids which encoded a cell-envelopeassociated and a secreted proteinase, respectively. Specific regions of the UC317 structural prtP gene known to encode seven of the amino acids essential for substrate cleavage specificity were sequenced and compared with the known sequences of prt genes from L. factis strains SK112, Wg2 and NCDO763. In spite of various differences that were detected in the nucleotide sequence of this region, it appears that these seven amino acids in strains UC317 and NCD0763 are identical, and represent a combination of three of the amino acids from SK112 and four from Wg2. These results indicate that the UC317 proteinase is a natural hybrid of the SK112 and Wg2 proteinases.

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“…Several bacteriophage resistance mechanisms have been defined and include reduced efficiency of phage adsorption to the cell surface (Ads' [6,22]), undefined mechanisms which interfere with or abort the phage lytic cycle (3,7,11,12,15), and classic phage restriction and modification (R/M) (4,7,17,21,29). Plasmid-encoded R/M activities have been found among many lactic streptococci.…”

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confidence: 99%

Restriction and modification activities from Streptococcus lactis ME2 are encoded by a self-transmissible plasmid, pTN20, that forms cointegrates during mobilization of lactose-fermenting ability

1988

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A self-transmissible (Tra+) plasmid encoding determinants for restriction and modification activities (R'/ M+) from Streptococcus lactis ME2 was isolated and characterized. The 28-kilobase (kb) plasmid (pTN20) was detected in lactose-fermenting (Lac') transconjugants generated from matings between S. lactis Ni, an ME2 variant, and a plasmid-free recipient, S. lactis LM2301. The plaquing efficiencies of prolate-and small isometric-headed phages were reduced on transconjugants containing either pTN20 (R+/M+ Tra+) or 100-kb plasmids encoding Lac', R+/M+, and Tra+. Lac' transconjugants which harbored pTR1040 (Lac') and pTN20 (R+/M+) were phenotypically R-/M-and transferred Lac' at low frequency in subsequent matings to give rise to 100-kb R+/M+ plasmids. R+/M+ activities and high-frequency conjugal transfer ability were detected in Lac' transconjugants that contained pTR1041 (Lac') and pTN20 (R+/M+). No 100-kb R+/M+ plasmids were recovered after these matings, suggesting that pTR1041 was mobilized by pTN20 through a process that resembled plasmid donation. pTR1041 was identical to pTR1040 but contained an additional 3.3-kb DNA fragment. These data suggested that phenotypic expression of R+/M+ and Tra+ is affected by coresident Lac' plasmids. Restriction enzyme analysis and hybridization reactions demonstrated that the 100-kb R+/M+ plasmid was formed by a cointegration event between pTR1040 (Lac+) and pTN20 (R+/M+ Tra+) during conjugal transfer via a conductive-type process. This is the first report that defines selftransmissible restriction and modification plasmids in the lactic streptococci.The genetic determinants for bacteriophage resistance in group N streptococci are often plasmid encoded (3, 4, 6-8, 10, 12, 15, 20, 29). Several bacteriophage resistance mechanisms have been defined and include reduced efficiency of phage adsorption to the cell surface (Ads' [6,22]), undefined mechanisms which interfere with or abort the phage lytic cycle (3,7,11,12,15), and classic phage restriction and modification (R/M) (4,7,17,21,29). Plasmid-encoded R/M activities have been found among many lactic streptococci. Sanders and Klaenhammer (20) first provided correlative evidence for the involvement of a 10-megadalton (MDa) plasmid with R/M activities in Streptococcus cremoris KH. Chopin et al. (4) demonstrated plasmid-associated determinants for R/M on plasmids pIL6 and pIL7 from S. lactis IL594. Conjugal mobilization of pIL6 and protoplast transformation of pIL6 and pIL7 were the first examples of genetic transfer of R/M activities among lactic streptococci. R/M responses have also been correlated with the presence of plasmids pIL103 and pIL107 from S. cremoris IL964 (7) and with a 20-MDa R/M plasmid (pLR1020) from S. cremoris M12R (29). As observed with other genera of bacteria (18), RIM activities appear to be widely distributed among group N streptococci. S. lactis ME2 was previously shown to exhibit three independent defense mechanisms that function cooperatively to restrict phage plaquing, reduce phage burst size, and ...

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Plasmid encoded bacteriophage resistance in SK11

Cited by 39 publications

References 0 publications

Isolation and characterization of lipoteichoic acid, a cell envelope component involved in preventing phage adsorption, from Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris SK110

Isolation and characterization of lipoteichoic acid, a cell envelope component involved in preventing phage adsorption, from Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris SK110

Cloning and partial sequencing of the proteinase gene complex from Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis UC317

Restriction and modification activities from Streptococcus lactis ME2 are encoded by a self-transmissible plasmid, pTN20, that forms cointegrates during mobilization of lactose-fermenting ability

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