Plasmid-Mediated Antibiotic Resistance and Virulence in Gram-Negatives: the
            <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i>
            Paradigm

Ramírez, María Soledad; Traglia, Germán Matías; Lin, David L.; Tran, Tung; Tolmasky, Marcelo E.

doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.plas-0016-2013

Cited by 116 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 161 publications

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“…Highly diverse environmental microbial communities, especially soils, are considered hotspots for gene transfer [76], and Enterobacteriaceae have been identified as a component of the "super--permissive community" that supports the spread of plasmids across diverse soil communities [77]. The specific role of K. pneumoniae in such activities remains to be explored, however the species has been associated with hundreds of distinct plasmids spanning many plasmid replicon types [9,10,13,78], which suggests it acts as a recipient for plasmids originating from a wide array of HGT donors. The median number of plasmids per complete K. pneumoniae genome currently in NCBI GenBank is three (interquartile range, 2--5; range 0--10), significantly higher than that for the other species of interest (p<1x10 --5 , see Fig 2B).…”

Section: Plasmid Loadmentioning

confidence: 99%

Klebsiella pneumoniae as a key trafficker of drug resistance genes from environmental to clinically important bacteria

Wyres

Holt

2018

Preprint

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Klebsiella pneumoniae is an opportunistic bacterial pathogen known for its high frequency and diversity of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes. In addition to being a significant clinical problem in its own right, K. pneumoniae is the species within which several new AMR genes were first discovered before spreading to other pathogens (e.g. carbapenem--resistance genes KPC, OXA--48 and NDM--1). Whilst K. pneumoniae's contribution to the overall AMR crisis is impossible to quantify, current evidence suggests it has a wider ecological distribution, significantly more varied DNA composition, greater AMR gene diversity and a higher plasmid burden than other Gram negative opportunists. Hence we propose it plays a key role in disseminating AMR genes from environmental microbes to clinically important pathogens.

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Section: Plasmid Loadmentioning

confidence: 99%

Klebsiella pneumoniae as a key trafficker of drug resistance genes from environmental to clinically important bacteria

Wyres

Holt

2018

Preprint

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“…2013;Ramirez et al 2014; Pal et al 2015). Not only can plasmid-encoded genes provide a 69 potential benefit to their host, they may influence both the environment and neighbouring cells,…”

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confidence: 99%

Plasmid persistence: costs, benefits, and the plasmid paradox

2018

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22Plasmids are extrachromosomal DNA elements that can be found throughout bacteria, as well as 23 in other domains of life. Nonetheless, the evolutionary processes underlying the persistence of 24 plasmids are incompletely understood. Bacterial plasmids may encode genes for traits which are 25 sometimes beneficial to their hosts, such as antimicrobial resistance, virulence, heavy metal 26 tolerance, and the catabolism of unique nutrient sources. In the absence of selection for these 27 traits, however, plasmids generally impose a fitness cost on their hosts. As such, plasmid 28 persistence presents a conundrum: models predict that costly plasmids will be lost over time, or 29 that beneficial plasmid genes will be integrated into the host genome. However, laboratory and Benefits of Plasmid Carriage 55The range of possible explanations for continued plasmid persistence has two extremes. 56At one end, plasmids exist entirely as selfish entities, only concerned in their continued survival 57 (Bergstrom et al. 2000;Slater et al. 2008). At the other, plasmids can confer some unconditional 58 benefit on their bacterial hosts. For the most part, neither extreme is likely to hold true -many transferred on their own (Bergstrom et al. 2000). Thus, we expect that most plasmids must be 63 beneficial to their hosts -at least some of the time -to be maintained in populations. 64Plasmid-encoded benefits are typically related to survival in novel environments and 65 conditions, with many plasmids encoding genes for antibiotic resistance, virulence, tolerance to 66 heavy metals, or for the metabolism of unique carbon sources, as well as nitrogen fixation, plant 67 gall formation, and root nodulation (Masterson et al. 1982; Eberhard 1989;Nies 1999; Beceiro et 68 al. 2013;Ramirez et al. 2014; Pal et al. 2015). Not only can plasmid-encoded genes provide a 69 potential benefit to their host, they may influence both the environment and neighbouring cells, 70for example through production of helpful enzymes or nutrients, or through production of 71 harmful chemicals . Plasmids can thus be a source of genes that help the host 72 adapt to novel environments (Eberhard 1989). 73Resistance to antibiotics is one of the better studied benefits conferred by plasmids, and 74 one that is increasingly relevant in clinical settings. Plasmids carry resistance genes to most 75 major classes of antibiotics, with genes for protection against aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, and 76 tetracyclines most commonly found (Bennett 2008; Pal et al. 2015 Deleterious Effects of Plasmid Carriage 91While under particular conditions many plasmid-borne traits confer a benefit to their 92 hosts, the wider fitness effects of plasmids are not always clear. For example, a plasmid may be 93 beneficial when its bacterial host is exposed to a novel stressor, but detrimental once the stressor 94 is removed (Vogwill and MacLean 2015). Under these conditions, it is expected that bacterial 95 strains lacking the costly plasmid outcompete the plasmid-bearing strai...

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“…Plasmids harbor genes coding for specific functions including virulence factors and antibiotic resistance that permit bacteria to survive the hostile environment found in the host and resist treatment (Ramirez et al, 2014). The uncontrolled use of antibiotics for empirical treatment of infectious diseases has been implicated as a cause of high prevalence of these antibiotics resistance (Olofsson, 2006).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

PCR Analysis of Resistant Bacteria Strains Isolated from River Sokoto, Northwestern Nigeria

Raji¹,

Garba²

2017

ijSciences

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Thirteen resistant bacteria strains from River Sokoto namely Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Shigella flexneri, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis, Bacillus subtilis, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Providencia rettgeri, Klebsiella pneumonae and Enterobacter aerogenes recovered on Mueller-Hinton agar by disc diffusion method were subjected to PCR (Polymerase chain reaction) analysis to determine their antibiotic resistance genes. Forward and reverse copies of five primers (TEM, spvC, SHV, aacC3 and qnrS) were used in the PCR analysis. Aminoglycoside resistance genes (aacC3) were detected in the majority of the isolates such as E. coli, Shigella flexneri, Enterobacter cloacae, Staphylococcus saprophytica and Enterobacter aerogenes with plasmid numbers ranging from 1 to 4 and molecular weights ranging from 185 bp to >10,200 bp. Virulence resistance genes (spvC) were detected in Salmonella typhi on two plasmids with molecular weights of 571 bp and >10,200 bp while quinolones resistance genes were detected on plasmid numbers ranging from 1 to 3 and molecular weights ranging from 400 bp to 1000 bp in Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis, Bacillus subtilis and Providencia rettgeri. Three different resistance genes namely β-lactam (bla TEM ), virulence (spvC) and quinolones (qnrS) on 6 plasmids with molecular weights ranging from 428 bp to 1,200 bp were found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa while two resistance genes (aacC3 and qnrS) on 2 plasmids with molecular weights of 185bp and 428bp were detected in Klebsiella pneumoneae. Non-specific resistance genes alongside with specific resistance genes were however detected in the majority of the isolates. The study revealed that the resistance genes exhibited by resistant bacteria isolates from River Sokoto were mainly virulence, aminoglycoside and quinolones resistant genes. The scientists are therefore challenged on the need for development of new antibiotics to combat the infections caused by these resistant strains.

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Plasmid-Mediated Antibiotic Resistance and Virulence in Gram-Negatives: the Klebsiella pneumoniae Paradigm

Cited by 116 publications

References 161 publications

Klebsiella pneumoniae as a key trafficker of drug resistance genes from environmental to clinically important bacteria

Klebsiella pneumoniae as a key trafficker of drug resistance genes from environmental to clinically important bacteria

Plasmid persistence: costs, benefits, and the plasmid paradox

PCR Analysis of Resistant Bacteria Strains Isolated from River Sokoto, Northwestern Nigeria

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