Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance

Guan, Xizhou; Xue, Xinying; Liu, Yuxia; Wang, Jing; Wang, Yong; Wang, Jianxin; Wang, Kaifei; Hong, Jiang; Zhang, Lina; Yang, Bing; Wang, N; Pan, Lei

doi:10.1177/0300060513475965

Cited by 57 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…They reduce the susceptibility of bacteria to quinolones, usually not to the level of non-susceptibility, but facilitating the selection of more quinolone resistant mutants and treatment failure. PMQR has been frequently reviewed (15–20). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

2014

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Summary Three mechanisms for plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) have been discovered since 1998. Plasmid genes qnrA, qnrB, qnrC, qnrD, qnrS, and qnrVC code for proteins of the pentapeptide repeat family that protects DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV from quinolone inhibition. The qnr genes appear to have been acquired from chromosomal genes in aquatic bacteria, are usually associated with mobilizing or transposable elements on plasmids, and are often incorporated into sul1-type integrons. The second plasmid-mediated mechanism involves acetylation of quinolones with an appropriate amino nitrogen target by a variant of the common aminoglycoside acetyltransferase AAC(6′)-Ib. The third mechanism is enhanced efflux produced by plasmid genes for pumps QepAB and OqxAB. PMQR has been found in clinical and environmental isolates around the world and appears to be spreading. The plasmid-mediated mechanisms provide only low-level resistance that by itself does not exceed the clinical breakpoint for susceptibility but nonetheless facilitates selection of higher-level resistance and makes infection by pathogens containing PMQR harder to treat.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance

2014

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance

Jacoby¹

2017

Antimicrobial Drug Resistance

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SummaryThree mechanisms for plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) have been discovered since 1998. Plasmid genes qnrA, qnrB, qnrC, qnrD, qnrS, and qnrVC code for proteins of the pentapeptide repeat family that protects DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV from quinolone inhibition. The qnr genes appear to have been acquired from chromosomal genes in aquatic bacteria, are usually associated with mobilizing or transposable elements on plasmids, and are often incorporated into sul1-type integrons. The second plasmid-mediated mechanism involves acetylation of quinolones with an appropriate amino nitrogen target by a variant of the common aminoglycoside acetyltransferase AAC(6′)-Ib. The third mechanism is enhanced efflux produced by plasmid genes for pumps QepAB and OqxAB. PMQR has been found in clinical and environmental isolates around the world and appears to be spreading. The plasmid-mediated mechanisms provide only low-level resistance that by itself does not exceed the clinical breakpoint for susceptibility but nonetheless facilitates selection of higher-level resistance and makes infection by pathogens containing PMQR harder to treat.

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“…However, subsequent widespread use of quinolones and fluoroquinolones has led to a steady global increase in resistance, mediated via spontaneous chromosomal gene mutation in the target of the antibiotic, topoisomerase IV or DNA gyrase, or by the induction of a multidrug efflux pump, as well as plasmid -mediated resistance. The first plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance gene, qnrAl, was detected in 1998[ (27].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Asymptomatic Carriage of Plasmid-Mediated Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Nasal Tracts of Persons in a Semi-Urban Area of Nigeria

Isibor¹,

Otabor²

2014

AJLS

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Abstract:Staphylococcus aureus remains one of the most important opportunistic bacterial pathogens of man and strains resistant to available drug classes have become more and more prevalent in clinical and community settings. The aim of this study was to determine the nasal carriage rates of multidrug -resistant (MDR) Staph aureus in food vendors and hospital workers in Ekpoma, Nigeria, and to assess whether resistance was plasmid -mediated. With the use of sterile swab sticks (Sterilin, UK), one hundred nasal swabs were obtained from consenting volunteers. Each swab was streaked on mannitol salt agar (Difco, Detroit MI) and incubated at 37 0 C for 24hrs. Colonies growing on medium were Gram -stained and tested for catalase, coagulase and mannitol fermentation. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were performed using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique, and results were interpreted using the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute's guidelines. Results showed that 32 (32%) of the 100 specimens screened yielded Staph aureus, with 18 (36%) and 14 (28%) of the isolates recovered from hospital workers and food vendors, respectively. The prevalence rate in males (40%) compared with females (24%) was not statistically significant (P>0.05), using Student's t-test analysis. All the Staph aureus isolates were susceptible to Augmentin. The highest resistance rates of 65.6%, 59.3% and 50.0% were recorded for Amoxycillin, Ofloxacin and Oxacillin respectively, while low resistance rates were recorded for Gentamicin (9.38%) and Cefuroxime (15.6%). Of the 17 (53%) MDR isolates of Staph aureus, only 4 (23.5%) remained MDR after curing with 0.1mg/ml acridine orange solution. Observance of personal hygiene can reduce the level of contamination or infection of carriers thereby reducing the risk of infection for others in the community, while rational use of antibiotics by health professionals and end users could help to curb the rising trend of antibiotic resistance within the community.

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Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance – current knowledge and future perspectives

Cited by 57 publications

References 74 publications

Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance

Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance

Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance

Asymptomatic Carriage of Plasmid-Mediated Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Nasal Tracts of Persons in a Semi-Urban Area of Nigeria

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