Plasmid Profiles and Prevalence of Intermediately Virulent<i>Rhodococcus equi</i>from Pigs in Nakhonpathom Province, Thailand: Identification of a New Variant of the 70-kb Virulence Plasmid, Type 18

Poolkhet, Chaithep; Chumsing, S.; Wajjwalku, Worawidh; Minato, C.; Otsu, Yukiko; Takaı̈, Shinji

doi:10.4061/2010/491624

Cited by 9 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Our results confirmed the presence of R. equi in submaxillary lymph nodes of apparently healthy swine intended for the human consumption. Moreover, the prevalence of R. equi in healthy swine (26.58 %) appeared very high, when compared with the data from most previous studies which reported 0 to 3 % [ 1 , 16 , 28 , 31 , 32 ]. Only two reports, one from Hungary [ 33 ] and one from Japan [ 2 ] presented the results closer to our findings (14 and 21 %, respectively).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 52%

“…Recently, R. equi infection in other species than horse has aroused considerable interest due to its frequent isolation from the lymph nodes and other tissues of apparently healthy animals intended for human consumption. The prevalence of R. equi in swine carcasses varies from 0 % to over 20 % [ 1 , 2 , 11 , 18 – 20 , 28 , 31 – 33 ]. In wild boar the prevalence ranges from 0 % to even 52 % hunted animals [ 34 – 37 ], whereas in the roe deer and red deer it is lower than 1 % [ 37 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular epidemiology of Rhodococcus equi in slaughtered swine, cattle and horses in Poland

et al. 2016

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BackgroundRhodococcus equi is an emerging zoonotic presumably foodborne pathogen. Since the data on the worldwide prevalence of R. equi in meat animals are scarce, the present study aimed to investigate the molecular epidemiology of R. equi in swine, cattle and horse carcasses intended for human consumption in Poland.ResultsTotally 1028 lymph node samples were examined. R. equi was isolated from 26.6 % (105/395) swine and 1.3 % (3/234) bovine healthy submaxillary lymph nodes. In horses, R. equi was isolated only from 0.5 % (1/198) samples of middle tracheo-branchiales lymph node while no lymphocentrum retropharyngeum sample was positive (0/198). The purulent lesions were observed only in 0.8 % swine submaxillary lymph nodes samples (3/398) and in two of them R. equi was detected.All bovine and most of swine isolates (98.1 %) were vapB-positive. 87.9 % of swine isolates carried 95-kb type 5 plasmid, 3.7 % type 1 and plasmid types: 4, 7, 10, 11, 21, 31 were carried by a single isolate (0.9 %). All bovine isolates carried VAPB type 26. Single horse isolate was vapA-positive and carried plasmid VAPA 85-kb type I.ConclusionsThe prevalence of vapB-positive R. equi in investigated healthy swine intended for human consumption was very high.Not only swine, but also even apparently healthy cattle or horse carcasses should be considered as a potential source of R. equi for humans, especially in countries where undercooked or raw beef or horsemeat is traditionally consumed.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 52%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular epidemiology of Rhodococcus equi in slaughtered swine, cattle and horses in Poland

et al. 2016

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“…Regarding that the methodology of R. equi isolation was similar in all the aforementioned studies it is interesting why R. equi prevalence among wild boars from different countries varied so much. Relatively wide differences in the prevalence of R. equi between studies were also observed in pigs intended for human consumption where it varied from 0.0 to 21.7 % [ 3 , 9 - 13 ]. It was found that R. equi prevalence in young wild boars could be higher than in older ones [ 20 ], also the prevalence in younger cattle was higher than in older cows [ 15 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Clinical form of this disease known as rhodococcosis mostly manifesting itself with abscesses or lymphadenitis has been also reported occasionally in other farm animals. In pigs R. equi causes lymphadenitis [ 7 , 8 ] but it is also present in lymph nodes of healthy animals intended for human consumption [ 3 , 9 - 13 ]. In ruminants the disease has been described quite rarely and most often in goats [ 14 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and genetic diversity of Rhodococcus equi in wild boars (Sus scrofa), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Poland

et al. 2015

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BackgroundRhodococcus equi is now considered an emerging zoonotic pathogen. Sources and routes of human infection remain unclear but foodborne transmission seems to be the most probable way. Strains of pig or bovine type are most often isolated from human cases and moreover R. equi is present in submaxillary lymph nodes of apparently healthy pigs and wild boars intended for human consumption. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of R. equi in submaxillary lymph nodes in wild boars, roe deer and red deer.ResultsSamples were collected from 936 animals and 27 R. equi strains were isolated, from 5.1 % of wild boars (23/452), 0.7 % of red deer (2/272) and 0.9 % of roe deer (2/212). Genetic diversity of all 27 isolates was studied using VspI-PFGE method, resulting in the detection of 25 PFGE patterns and four PFGE clusters. PFGE patterns of the isolates were compared with virulence plasmid types and no concordance was observed.ConclusionsR. equi was present in wild animal tissues and consumption of the game may be a potential source of R. equi infection for humans. To the authors’ best knowledge, this is the first epidemiological report of R. equi prevalence in tissues of roe deer and red deer. However, risk associated with wild ruminant consumption seems marginal.Investigation of R. equi transmission between animals and humans based exclusively on types of virulence plasmids seems to be insufficient to identify sources of R. equi infection for people.

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“…R. equi isolates containing pVAPB-type plasmids have been demonstrated to cause disease in mice in in vivo infection models, although the virulence factors required for disease development have yet to be identified ( 18 ). Interestingly, the majority of R. equi strains isolated from the lymph nodes of swine typically carry plasmids encoding VapB ( 10 , 29 , 30 ). The observation that all R. equi isolates obtained from foals carry a pVAPA-type plasmid and the vast majority of R. equi isolates from swine possess a pVAPB-type plasmid led to the question of whether the genetic differences between the equine pVAPA- and swine pVAPB-type plasmids dictate host species tropism, potentially at the level of intramacrophage replication.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Plasmid Type on the Replication of Rhodococcus equi in Host Macrophages

Willingham-Lane

Berghaus

Giguère

et al. 2016

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This work greatly advances our understanding of the opportunistic pathogen Rhodococcus equi, a disease agent of animals and immunocompromised people. Clinical isolates from diseased foals carry a conjugative virulence plasmid, pVAPA1037, that expresses Vap proteins, including VapA, essential for intramacrophage replication and virulence in vivo. The understudied R. equi isolates from pigs carry a related but different plasmid, pVAPB, expressing distinct Vap proteins, including VapB. In this work, we document for the first time that R. equi isolates carrying pVAPB-type plasmids are capable of intramacrophage replication. Moreover, we show that R. equi isolates carrying either plasmid type can replicate in both equine and swine macrophages, indicating that host species tropism is not due to species-specific intramacrophage replication capabilities defined by plasmid type. Furthermore, plasmid swapping between equine and swine strains did not alter intracellular replication capacity, indicating that coevolution of the plasmid and chromosome is not essential for intracellular growth.

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Plasmid Profiles and Prevalence of Intermediately VirulentRhodococcus equifrom Pigs in Nakhonpathom Province, Thailand: Identification of a New Variant of the 70-kb Virulence Plasmid, Type 18

Cited by 9 publications

References 20 publications

Molecular epidemiology of Rhodococcus equi in slaughtered swine, cattle and horses in Poland

Molecular epidemiology of Rhodococcus equi in slaughtered swine, cattle and horses in Poland

Prevalence and genetic diversity of Rhodococcus equi in wild boars (Sus scrofa), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Poland

Influence of Plasmid Type on the Replication of Rhodococcus equi in Host Macrophages

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