Plasmodium inui, a Quartan-Type Malaria Parasite of Old World Monkeys Transmissible to Man

Coatney, G. Robert; Chin, William; Contacos, Peter G.; King, H K

doi:10.2307/3276423

Cited by 76 publications

(58 citation statements)

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“…Although experimentally transmissible to humans (11), natural human infection with P. inui has not yet been documented. The absence of suitable diagnostic methods may explain the failure to detect P. inui , and perhaps many other non-human primate malaria parasite species, in humans.…”

Section: Under-diagnosis Of Zoonotic Infections In Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They include Plasmodium cynomolgi (6–8), Plasmodium knowlesi (9, 10), and Plasmodium inui (11) from Old World monkeys, Plasmodium brasilianum (12) and Plasmodium simium (13) from New World monkeys, and Plasmodium schwetzi (now regarded to be either P. vivax or P. ovale -like parasites) from chimpanzees (14). However, recent discoveries, made possible by the use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and high throughput DNA sequencing, now establish that human malaria can also be a zoonotic disease.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Zoonotic Malaria â€“ Global Overview and Research and Policy Needs

Ramasamy

2014

Front. Public Health

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The four main Plasmodium species that cause human malaria, Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae, and Plasmodium ovale, are transmitted between humans by mosquito vectors belonging to the genus Anopheles. It has recently become evident that Plasmodium knowlesi, a parasite that typically infects forest macaque monkeys, can be transmitted by anophelines to cause malaria in humans in Southeast Asia. Plasmodium knowlesi infections are frequently misdiagnosed microscopically as P. malariae. Direct human to human transmission of P. knowlesi by anophelines has not yet been established to occur in nature. Knowlesi malaria must therefore be presently considered a zoonotic disease. Polymerase chain reaction is now the definitive method for differentiating P. knowlesi from P. malariae and other human malaria parasites. The origin of P. falciparum and P. vivax in African apes are examples of ancient zoonoses that may be continuing at the present time with at least P. vivax, and possibly P. malariae and P. ovale. Other non-human primate malaria species, e.g., Plasmodium cynomolgi in Southeast Asia and Plasmodium brasilianum and Plasmodium simium in South America, can be transmitted to humans by mosquito vectors further emphasizing the potential for continuing zoonoses. The potential for zoonosis is influenced by human habitation and behavior as well as the adaptive capabilities of parasites and vectors. There is insufficient knowledge of the bionomics of Anopheles vector populations relevant to the cross-species transfer of malaria parasites and the real extent of malaria zoonoses. Appropriate strategies, based on more research, need to be developed for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of zoonotic malaria.

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Section: Under-diagnosis Of Zoonotic Infections In Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zoonotic Malaria â€“ Global Overview and Research and Policy Needs

Ramasamy

2014

Front. Public Health

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“…Since 1960, a total of seven species of monkey malaria have been reported as transmissible to man by mosquito bite: Plasmodium cynomolgi [8-10] , Plasmodium brasilianum [11], Plasmodium eylesi, Plasmodium knowlesi [2,12], Plasmodium inui [13], Plasmodium schwetzi [14], and Plasmodium simium [15]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First case of a naturally acquired human infection with Plasmodium cynomolgi

Hisam²,

Lanza

et al. 2014

Malar J

271

249

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Since 1960, a total of seven species of monkey malaria have been reported as transmissible to man by mosquito bite: Plasmodium cynomolgi, Plasmodium brasilianum, Plasmodium eylesi, Plasmodium knowlesi, Plasmodium inui, Plasmodium schwetzi and Plasmodium simium. With the exception of P. knowlesi, none of the other species has been found to infect humans in nature. In this report, it is described the first known case of a naturally acquired P. cynomolgi malaria in humans.The patient was a 39-year-old woman from a malaria-free area with no previous history of malaria or travel to endemic areas. Initially, malaria was diagnosed and identified as Plasmodium malariae/P. knowlesi by microscopy in the Terengganu State Health Department. Thick and thin blood films stained with 10% Giemsa were performed for microscopy examination. Molecular species identification was performed at the Institute for Medical Research (IMR, Malaysia) and in the Malaria & Emerging Parasitic Diseases Laboratory (MAPELAB, Spain) using different nested PCR methods.Microscopic re-examination in the IMR showed characteristics of Plasmodium vivax and was confirmed by a nested PCR assay developed by Snounou et al. Instead, a different PCR assay plus sequencing performed at the MAPELAB confirmed that the patient was infected with P. cynomolgi and not with P. vivax.This is the first report of human P. cynomolgi infection acquired in a natural way, but there might be more undiagnosed or misdiagnosed cases, since P. cynomolgi is morphologically indistinguishable from P. vivax, and one of the most used PCR methods for malaria infection detection may identify a P. cynomolgi infection as P. vivax.Simian Plasmodium species may routinely infect humans in Southeast Asia. New diagnostic methods are necessary to distinguish between the human and monkey malaria species. Further epidemiological studies, incriminating also the mosquito vector(s), must be performed to know the relevance of cynomolgi malaria and its implication on human public health and in the control of human malaria.The zoonotic malaria cannot be ignored in view of increasing interactions between man and wild animals in the process of urbanization.

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“…This was first demonstrated by passage with blood infected with Plasmodium knowlesi [3], and later with Plasmodium cynomolgi [4] and Plasmodium inui [5]. Furthermore, accidental infections of humans in research laboratories with P. cynomolgi through mosquito bites were reported in 1960 [4, 6] and 1980 [7], and also human infections through mosquito-transmission experiments in the 1960s with P. cynomolgi [4, 6, 8] and P. inui [9]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution and prevalence of malaria parasites among long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) in regional populations across Southeast Asia

Zhang

Kadir

Quintanilla-Zariñan

et al. 2016

Malar J

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Background: Plasmodium knowlesi and Plasmodium cynomolgi are two malaria parasites naturally transmissible between humans and wild macaque through mosquito vectors, while Plasmodium inui can be experimentally transmitted from macaques to humans. One of their major natural hosts, the long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis), is host to two other species of Plasmodium (Plasmodium fieldi and Plasmodium coatneyi) and is widely distributed in Southeast Asia. This study aims to determine the distribution of wild macaques infected with malarial parasites by examining samples derived from seven populations in five countries across Southeast Asia.Methods: Plasmodium knowlesi, P. cynomolgi, P. coatneyi, P. inui and P. fieldi, were detected using nested PCR assays in DNA samples from 276 wild-caught long-tailed macaques. These samples had been derived from macaques captured at seven locations, two each in the Philippines (n = 68) and Indonesia (n = 70), and one each in Cambodia (n = 54), Singapore (n = 40) and Laos (n = 44). The results were compared with previous studies of malaria parasites in longtailed macaques from other locations in Southeast Asia. Fisher exact test and Chi square test were used to examine the geographic bias of the distribution of Plasmodium species in the macaque populations. Results: Out of 276 samples tested, 177 were Plasmodium-positive, with P. cynomolgi being the most common and widely distributed among all long-tailed macaque populations (53.3 %) and occurring in all populations examined, followed by P. coatneyi (20.4 %), P. inui (12.3 %), P. fieldi (3.4 %) and P. knowlesi (0.4 %). One P. knowlesi infection was detected in a macaque from Laos, representing the first documented case of P. knowlesi in wildlife in Laos. Chi square test showed three of the five parasites (P. knowlesi, P. coatneyi, P. cynomolgi) with significant bias in prevalence towards macaques from Malaysian Borneo, Cambodia, and Southern Sumatra, respectively. Conclusions: The prevalence of malaria parasites, including those that are transmissible to humans, varied among all sampled regional populations of long-tailed macaques in Southeast Asia. The new discovery of P. knowlesi infection in Laos, and the high prevalence of P. cynomolgi infections in wild macaques in general, indicate the strong need of public advocacy in related countries.

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Plasmodium inui, a Quartan-Type Malaria Parasite of Old World Monkeys Transmissible to Man

Cited by 76 publications

References 0 publications

Zoonotic Malaria â€“ Global Overview and Research and Policy Needs

Zoonotic Malaria â€“ Global Overview and Research and Policy Needs

First case of a naturally acquired human infection with Plasmodium cynomolgi

Distribution and prevalence of malaria parasites among long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) in regional populations across Southeast Asia

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