Ammonia is one of the most widely produced chemicals
worldwide,
which is consumed in the fertilizer industry and is also considered
an interesting alternative in energy storage. However, common ammonia
production is energy-demanding and leads to high CO2 emissions.
Thus, the development of alternative ammonia production methods based
on available raw materials (air, for example) and renewable energy
sources is highly demanding. In this work, we demonstrated the utilization
of TiB2 nanostructures sandwiched between coupled plasmonic
nanostructures (gold nanoparticles and gold grating) for photoelectrochemical
(PEC) nitrogen reduction and selective ammonia production. The utilization
of the coupled plasmon structure allows us to reach efficient sunlight
capture with a subdiffraction concentration of light energy in the
space, where the catalytically active TiB2 flakes were
placed. As a result, PEC experiments performed at −0.2 V (vs.
RHE) and simulated sunlight illumination give the 535.2 and 491.3
μg h–1 mgcat
–1 ammonia yields, respectively, with the utilization of pure nitrogen
and air as a nitrogen source. In addition, a number of control experiments
confirm the key role of plasmon coupling in increasing the ammonia
yield, the selectivity of ammonia production, and the durability of
the proposed system. Finally, we have performed a series of numerical
and quantum mechanical calculations to evaluate the plasmonic contribution
to the activation of nitrogen on the TiB2 surface, indicating
an increase in the catalytic activity under the plasmon-generated
electric field.