Plasmon resonance enhanced multicolour photodetection by graphene

Liu, Yuan; Cheng, Rui; Liao, Lei; Zhou, Hailong; Bai, Jingwei; Liu, Gang; Liu, Lixin; Huang, Yu; Duan, Xiangfeng

doi:10.1038/ncomms1589

Cited by 704 publications

(629 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…The interference between surface plasmon polaritons and the incident wave introduces new functionalities, such as light flux attraction or repulsion from the contact edges, enabling the tailored design of the photodetector's spectral response. This architecture can also be used for surface plasmon bio-sensing with direct-electricreadout, eliminating the need of complicated optics.Graphene-based photodetectors (PDs) [1,2] have been reported with ultra-fast operating speeds (up to 262GHz from the measured intrinsic response time of graphene carriers [3]) and broadband operation from the visible and infrared [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] up to the THz [17][18][19]. The simplest graphene-based photodetection scheme relies on the metal-graphene-metal (MGM) architecture [5,7,8,11,[20][21][22], where the photoresponse is due to a combination of photo-thermoelectric and photovoltaic effects [5,7,8,11,[20][21][22].…”

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confidence: 99%

Surface Plasmon Polariton Graphene Photodetectors

et al. 2015

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The combination of plasmonic nanoparticles and graphene enhances the responsivity and spectral selectivity of graphene-based photodetectors. However, the small area of the metal-graphene junction, where the induced electron-hole pairs separate, limits the photoactive region to sub-micron length scales. Here, we couple graphene with a plasmonic grating and exploit the resulting surface plasmon polaritons to deliver the collected photons to the junction region of a metal-graphenemetal photodetector. This results into a 400% enhancement of responsivity and a 1000% increase in photoactive length, combined with tunable spectral selectivity. The interference between surface plasmon polaritons and the incident wave introduces new functionalities, such as light flux attraction or repulsion from the contact edges, enabling the tailored design of the photodetector's spectral response. This architecture can also be used for surface plasmon bio-sensing with direct-electricreadout, eliminating the need of complicated optics.Graphene-based photodetectors (PDs) [1,2] have been reported with ultra-fast operating speeds (up to 262GHz from the measured intrinsic response time of graphene carriers [3]) and broadband operation from the visible and infrared [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] up to the THz [17][18][19]. The simplest graphene-based photodetection scheme relies on the metal-graphene-metal (MGM) architecture [5,7,8,11,[20][21][22], where the photoresponse is due to a combination of photo-thermoelectric and photovoltaic effects [5,7,8,11,[20][21][22]. For both mechanisms, the presence of a junction is required to spatially separate excited electronhole (e-h) pairs [5,7,8,11,[20][21][22]. At the metal-graphene junction, a work-function difference causes charge transfer and a shift of the graphene Fermi level underneath the contact [4,5,7,23], compared to that of graphene away from the contact [4,5,7,23], resulting into a build-up of an internal electric field (photovoltaic mechanism) [5,7,24,25] and into a difference of Seebeck coefficients (photo-thermoelectric mechanism) [11,21,26]. An alternative way to create a junction is to use a set of gate electrodes to electrostatically dope graphene [8,11].

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Surface Plasmon Polariton Graphene Photodetectors

et al. 2015

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“…Recently, the two vibrant and rich fields of investigation of graphene and plasmonics have strongly overlapped 2 . A combination of graphene with plasmonic nanostructures has substantially improved the photodetection capabilities of graphene 3,4 . The combination of graphene with conventional plasmonics based on noble metals could be beneficial for both fields of investigation: plasmonic nanostructures can enhance the properties of graphene (stronger Raman signature and more effective graphene-plasmonic photocells), and graphene can influence the optical response of plasmonic nanoarrays 2,5,6 .…”

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confidence: 99%

Plasmon-driven reaction controlled by the number of graphene layers and localized surface plasmon distribution during optical excitation

et al. 2015

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Graphene-plasmonic hybrid platforms have attracted an enormous amount of interest in surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS); however, the mechanism of employing graphene is still ambiguous, so clarification about the complex interaction among molecules, graphene, and plasmon processes is urgently needed. We report that the number of graphene layers controlled the plasmon-driven, surface-catalyzed reaction that converts para-aminothiophenol (PATP)-to-p,p9-dimercaptoazobenzene (DMAB) on chemically inert, graphene-coated, silver bowtie nanoantenna arrays. The catalytic reaction was monitored by SERS, which revealed that the catalytic reaction occurred on the chemical inertness monolayer graphene (1G)-coated silver nanostructures. The introduction of 1G enhances the plasmon-driven surface-catalyzed reaction of the conversion of PATP-to-p,p9-DMAB. The chemical reaction is suppressed by bilayer graphene. In the process of the catalytic reaction, the electron transfer from the PATP molecule to 1G-coated silver nanostructures. Subsequently, the transferred electrons on the graphene recombine with the hot-hole produced by the localized surface plasmon resonance of silver nanostructures. Then, a couple of PATP molecules lost electrons are catalyzed into the p,p9-DMAB molecule on the graphene surface. The experimental results were further supported by the finite-difference time-domain method and quantum chemical calculations.

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“…However, the weak optical absorption of graphene 2,3 limits its photoresponsivity. To address this, graphene has been integrated into nanocavities 9 , microcavities 10 and plasmon resonators 11,12 , but these approaches restrict photodetection to narrow bands. Hybrid graphene-quantum dot architectures can greatly improve responsivity 13 , but at the cost of response speed.…”

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Chip-integrated ultrafast graphene photodetector with high responsivity

et al. 2013

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Graphene-based photodetectors have attracted strong interest for their exceptional physical properties, which include an ultrafast response 1-3 across a broad spectrum 4 , a strong electronelectron interaction 5 and photocarrier multiplication [6][7][8] . However, the weak optical absorption of graphene 2,3 limits its photoresponsivity. To address this, graphene has been integrated into nanocavities 9 , microcavities 10 and plasmon resonators 11,12 , but these approaches restrict photodetection to narrow bands. Hybrid graphene-quantum dot architectures can greatly improve responsivity 13 , but at the cost of response speed. Here, we demonstrate a waveguide-integrated graphene photodetector that simultaneously exhibits high responsivity, high speed and broad spectral bandwidth. Using a metal-doped graphene junction coupled evanescently to the waveguide, the detector achieves a photoresponsivity exceeding 0.1 A W 21 together with a nearly uniform response between 1,450 and 1,590 nm. Under zero-bias operation, we demonstrate response rates exceeding 20 GHz and an instrumentation-limited 12 Gbit s 21 optical data link.Graphene demonstrates ultrafast carrier dynamics for both electrons and holes, and it has been shown that a weak internal electric field allows high-speed and efficient photocarrier separation 2,3,14 . Moreover, graphene's two-dimensional nature appears to enable the generation of multiple electron-hole pairs for every highenergy photon excitation 6-8 . This carrier multiplication process is equivalent to inherent gain in graphene photodetection, which exists even without external bias, unlike traditional avalanche detection 15 . Despite these attractive features, the low optical absorption in graphene results in low photoresponsivity in vertical-incidence photodetector designs.Recently it has been revealed that coupling graphene to a bus waveguide can enhance light absorption over a broadband spectrum 16,17 . Here, we show that, by integrating a graphene photodetector onto a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) bus waveguide, it is possible to greatly enhance graphene absorption and the corresponding photodetection efficiency without sacrificing the high speed and broad spectral bandwidth. In our device, presented in Fig. 1a, a silicon waveguide is backfilled with SiO 2 and then planarized to provide a smooth surface for the deposition of graphene. A thin SiO 2 layer ( 10 nm) deposited on the planarized chip electrically isolates the graphene layer from the underlying silicon structures. The optical waveguide mode couples to the graphene layer through the evanescent field, leading to optical absorption and the generation of photocarriers. Two metal electrodes located on opposite sides of the waveguide collect the photocurrent. One of these electrodes is positioned 100 nm from the edge of the waveguide to create a lateral metal-doped junction that overlaps with the waveguide mode. The junction is close enough to the waveguide to efficiently separate the photoexcited electron-hole pairs at zero bias, but the meta...

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Plasmon resonance enhanced multicolour photodetection by graphene

Cited by 704 publications

References 41 publications

Surface Plasmon Polariton Graphene Photodetectors

Surface Plasmon Polariton Graphene Photodetectors

Plasmon-driven reaction controlled by the number of graphene layers and localized surface plasmon distribution during optical excitation

Chip-integrated ultrafast graphene photodetector with high responsivity

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