Photonic crystals
(PhCs) display photonic stop bands (PSBs) and
at the edges of these PSBs transport light with reduced velocity,
enabling the PhCs to confine and manipulate incident light with enhanced
light–matter interaction. Intense research has been devoted
to leveraging the optical properties of PhCs for the development of
optical sensors for bioassays, diagnosis, and environmental monitoring.
These applications have furthermore benefited from the inherently
large surface area of PhCs, giving rise to high analyte adsorption
and the wide range of options for structural variations of the PhCs
leading to enhanced light–matter interaction. Here, we focus
on bottom-up assembled PhCs and review the significant advances that
have been made in their use as label-free sensors. We describe their
potential for point-of-care devices and in the review include their
structural design, constituent materials, fabrication strategy, and
sensing working principles. We thereby classify them according to
five sensing principles: sensing of refractive index variations, sensing
by lattice spacing variations, enhanced fluorescence spectroscopy,
surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, and configuration transitions.