Abstract:One of the most promising and vibrant research areas in nanotechnology has been the field of metasurfaces. These are two dimensional representations of metaatoms, or artificial interfaces designed to possess specialized electromagnetic properties which do not occur in nature, for specific applications. In this article, we present a brief review of metasurfaces from a materials perspective, and examine how the choice of different materials impact functionalities ranging from operating bandwidth to efficiencies. We place particular emphasis on emerging and non-traditional materials for metasurfaces such as high index dielectrics, topological insulators and digital metamaterials, and the potentially transformative role they could play in shaping further advances in the field.
General Introduction to optical metasurfacesUnexpected and unusual effects have been recently reported in various fields of research, such as but not limited to acoustics, seismology, thermal physics, and electromagnetism. At the heart of these developments is a progres- sive understanding of the wave-matter interaction and our ability to artificially manipulate it, particularly at small length scales. This has in turn been largely driven by the discovery and engineering of materials at extreme limit. These "metamaterials" possess exotic properties that go beyond conventional or naturally occurring materials. Encompassing many new research directions, the field of metamaterials is rapidly expanding, and therefore, writing a complete review on this subject is a formidable task; here instead, we present a comprehensive review in which we discuss the progress and the emerging materials for metasurfaces, i.e. artificially designed ultrathin two dimensional optical metamaterials with customizable functionalities to produce designer outputs. Metasurfaces are often considered as the two dimensional versions of 3D metamaterials. The former, also known as frequency selective surfaces, or reflectand transmit-arrays in the microwave community [1-6], which has been recently shown to produce a variety of spectacular optical effects ranging from negative refraction [7], super/hyper-lensing [8][9][10], optical mirages to cloaking [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19], are comprised of artificial materials engineered at the subwavelength scale to guide light along any arbitrary direction. The functionalities of individual optical components, which were previously essentially determined by the optical properties of materials, can now be specified at will. Effective material optical parameters can be rigorously derived via homogenization techniques by averaging the electromagnetic fields over a subwavelength volume encompassing each individual element of the periodic ensemble of resonant inclusions, with arbitrary geometry [12,[15][16][17][18][19]. Thus although metamaterials can be tailored for exotic optical functions, the basic mechanism responsible for shaping the optical wavefronts remains the same as that in conventional refractive optics: it is b...