Plastic deformation and sliding friction of metals

Rigney, D.A.; Hirth, J. P.

doi:10.1016/0043-1648(79)90087-5

Cited by 320 publications

(114 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…In fact, Tsuya (1976) observed for copper sliding against steel, intense plastic deformations that occur in a 10-50 mm thick skin layer on the softer copper, and attributed plastic dissipation in this 'severely deformed region' as a principal mechanism of friction force. Rigney & Hirth (1979), Heilmann & Rigney (1981), Rigney et al (1984) and Rigney & Hammerberg (1998) equated the friction energy to the plastic work dissipated in this region, and obtained good agreement with Tsuya's measured friction force. Kennedy (1989) measured the near-surface deformations due to sliding using microscopic observations of the contact region and compared these values with values predicted by his analytical model.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 67%

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On the thermodynamics of degradation

2008

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The science base that underlies modelling and analysis of machine reliability has remained substantially unchanged for decades. Therefore, it is not surprising that a significant gap exists between available machinery technology and science to capture degradation dynamics for prediction of failure. Further, there is a lack of a systematic technique for the development of accelerated failure testing of machinery components. This article develops a thermodynamic characterization of degradation dynamics, which employs entropy, a measure of thermodynamic disorder, as the fundamental measure of degradation; this relates entropy generation to irreversible degradation and shows that components of material degradation can be related to the production of corresponding thermodynamic entropy by the irreversible dissipative processes that characterize the degradation. A theorem that relates entropy generation to irreversible degradation, via generalized thermodynamic forces and degradation forces, is constructed. This theorem provides the basis of a structured method for formulating degradation models consistent with the laws of thermodynamics. Applications of the theorem to problems involving sliding wear and fretting wear, caused by effects of friction and associated with tribological components, are presented.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 67%

“…This work is dissipated within the control volume. For sliding of ductile metals, Rigney & Hirth (1979) identified the dominant dissipative process p to be work of plastic deformation. Let us assume that (i) rubbing is at steady speed and force, and is a stationary process.…”

Section: (B ) Degradation Wear Due To Friction Rubbingmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the thermodynamics of degradation

2008

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“…This study confirmed earlier observations of similar highly strained layers present on the worn surfaces [35] as well as the raised humps of material similar to the wedge [36,37]. So it was concluded that a large proportion of the frictional energy in unlubricated sliding is dissipated in driving waves of deformed material across the surface [38].…”

Section: Wearsupporting

confidence: 80%

How tribology has been helping us to advance and to survive

Stachowiak

2017

Friction

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Movement between contacting surfaces ranges from macro to micro scales, from the movement of continental plates and glaciers to the locomotion of animals and insects. Surface topographies, lubricant layers, contaminants, operating conditions, and others control it, i.e., this movement depends on the tribological characteristics of a system. Before the industrial revolution, friction and wear were controlled by the application of animal fat or oil. During the industrial revolution, with the introduction of trains and other machinery, the operating conditions at the contacting surfaces changed dramatically. New bearings were designed and built and simple lubrication measures were no longer satisfactory. It became critical to understand the lubrication mechanisms involved. During that period, solid theoretical foundations, leading to the development of new technologies, were laid. The field of tribology had gained a significant prominence, i.e., it became clear that without advancements in tribology the technological progress would be limited. It was no longer necessary to build oversized ship bearings hoping that they would work. The ship or automobile bearings could now be optimized and their behavior predicted. By the middle of the 20th century, lubrication mechanisms in nonconformal contacts, i.e., in gears, rolling contact bearings, cams and tappets, etc., were also finally understood.Today, we face new challenges such as sustainability, climate change and gradual degradation of the environment. Problems of providing enough food, clean water and sufficient energy to the human population to pursue a civilized life still remain largely unsolved. These challenges require new solutions and innovative approaches. As the humanity progresses, tribology continue to make vital contributions in addressing the demands for advanced technological developments, resulting in, for example, reducing the fuel consumption and greenhouse gases emission, increasing machine durability and improving the quality of life through artificial implants, among the others.Keywords: tribology; friction; lubrication and wear Tribology as part of our livesIn our everyday life we take many things for granted. It never occurs to us to pause and think why our hands or feet provide a perfect grip on most of the surfaces. We rarely think why sharks swim so fast or why geckos can walk on glass surface even when upside down. We expect spacecraft or satellites that we send to explore our solar system and beyond to operate smoothly even after many months or years of being idle. We expect that our trains and aircraft would stop exactly at the designated places at train stations and airports. When hopping into a car we don't think twice about the material used for the car seats. We don't think often why the tectonic plates or glaciers move with apparent ease. These seemingly diverse problems, and many others, are of great interest and research focus of tribologists. Tribology has helped us to discover not only the underlying mechanisms involved...

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“…The results on the (101) [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] system showed the least resistance to plastic deformation, with only one slip system being operative at any location below the indenter. Based on this, we anticipate (correctly, as detailed hereafter), that this orientation should exhibit the largest depth of deformation below the surface.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…C [001] [010] A [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] sliding system. The bottom figure shows the slip systems viewed edge on.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling of friction-induced deformation and microstructures.

Michael¹,

Prasad²,

Jungk³

et al. 2006

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Frictional contact results in surface and subsurface damage that could influence the performance, aging, and reliability of moving mechanical assemblies. Changes in surface roughness, hardness, grain size and texture often occur during the initial run-in period, resulting in the evolution of subsurface layers with characteristic microstructural features that are different from those of the bulk.The objective of this LDRD funded research was to model friction-induced microstructures. In order to accomplish this objective, novel experimental techniques were developed to make friction measurements on single crystal surfaces along specific crystallographic surfaces. Focused ion beam techniques were used to prepare cross-sections of wear scars, and electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) and TEM to understand the deformation, orientation changes, and recrystallization that are associated with sliding wear. The extent of subsurface deformation and the coefficient of friction were strongly dependent on the crystal orientation. These experimental observations and insights were used to develop and validate phenomenological models.A phenomenological model was developed to elucidate the relationships between deformation, microstructure formation, and friction during wear. The contact mechanics problem was described by well-known mathematical solutions for the stresses during sliding friction. Crystal plasticity theory was used to describe the evolution of dislocation content in the worn material, which in turn provided an estimate of the characteristic microstructural feature size as a function of the imposed strain. An analysis of grain boundary sliding in ultra-finegrained material provided a mechanism for lubrication, and model predictions of the contribution of grain boundary sliding (relative to plastic deformation) to lubrication were in good qualitative agreement with experimental evidence. A nanomechanics-based approach has been developed for characterizing the mechanical response of wear surfaces. Coatings are often required to mitigate friction and wear. Amongst other factors, plastic deformation of the substrate determines the coating-substrate interface reliability. Finite element modeling has been applied to predict the plastic deformation for the specific case of diamond-like carbon (DLC) coated Ni alloy substrates. (This page involuntarily left blank.)

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Plastic deformation and sliding friction of metals

Cited by 320 publications

References 37 publications

On the thermodynamics of degradation

On the thermodynamics of degradation

How tribology has been helping us to advance and to survive

Modeling of friction-induced deformation and microstructures.

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