“…C and L have a structure, which is consistent with the macroscopic symmetry of the material. Finally, when yield is defined conventionally with an offset strain of a fraction of a percent, it leads to yield surface shapes in agreement with experiments [10,11]. Under the isotropic hardening assumption, the yield surface only expands because it is controlled by one parameter, the reference stress σ R or, equivalently, the effective strain, ϕ .…”