Plastic fiber optic sensor for continuous liquid level monitoring

Rajamani, A.; Divagar, M.; Sai, V. V. R.

doi:10.1016/j.sna.2019.07.021

Cited by 49 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The different OFS geometries reported in the literature for refractive index (RI) and absorption sensings include straight decladded [ 4 ], partially polished [ 5 ], laterally polished [ 6 ], D-shaped [ 7 ], and U-bent [ 8 ] fibers. Among the various reported designs, the U-bent design has several advantages, such as (1) a high evanescent wave absorbance sensitivity due to conversion of the lower-order modes into higher-order modes, (2) less fragility compared to other geometries, (3) ease of probe fabrication and repeatability, and (4) ease of development into a point sensor.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabrication of Humidity-Resistant Optical Fiber Sensor for Ammonia Sensing Using Diazo Resin-Photocrosslinked Films with a Porphyrin-Polystyrene Binary Mixture

Ahmed

Park

Okuda

et al. 2021

Sensors

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Ammonia gas sensors were fabricated via layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition of diazo resin (DAR) and a binary mixture of tetrakis(4-sulfophenyl)porphine (TSPP) and poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS) onto the core of a multimode U-bent optical fiber. The penetration of light transferred into the evanescent field was enhanced by stripping the polymer cladding and coating the fiber core. The electrostatic interaction between the diazonium ion in DAR and the sulfonate residues in TSPP and PSS was converted into covalent bonds using UV irradiation. The photoreaction between the layers was confirmed by UV-vis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The sensitivity of the optical fiber sensors to ammonia was linear when exposed to ammonia gases generated from aqueous ammonia solutions at a concentration of approximately 17 parts per million (ppm). This linearity extended up to 50 ppm when the exposure time (30 s) was shortened. The response and recovery times were reduced to 30 s with a 5-cycle DAR/TSPP+PSS (as a mixture of 1 mM TSPP and 0.025 wt% PSS in water) film sensor. The limit of detection (LOD) of the optimized sensor was estimated to be 0.31 ppm for ammonia in solution, corresponding to approximately 0.03 ppm of ammonia gas. It is hypothesized that the presence of the hydrophobic moiety of PSS in the matrix suppressed the effects of humidity on the sensor response. The sensor response was stable and reproducible over seven days. The PSS-containing U-bent fiber sensor also showed superior sensitivity to ammonia when examined alongside amine and non-amine analytes.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabrication of Humidity-Resistant Optical Fiber Sensor for Ammonia Sensing Using Diazo Resin-Photocrosslinked Films with a Porphyrin-Polystyrene Binary Mixture

Ahmed

Park

Okuda

et al. 2021

Sensors

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“…The refractive index studies have been used widely in numerous analytical applications to identify chemical substances that include food safety, environmental monitoring and medical examination [1][2][3][4][5]. Because of its advantages of fast response time, multiplexing capability, remote sensing, application as OTDR, high bandwidth, immune to EMI, light in size and cheap in cost, the fiber based refractive index sensors have been explored extensively across the world.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comprehensive Study and Experimental Validation of U-shaped Probe Extrinsic Fiber Optic Sensor for the Measurement of Refractive Index at Various Temperatures using a Tunable Light Source

Rao¹

2021

ITII

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Extensive detection performances due to sensitivity to external and internal perturbations in the fiber structure makes the optical fiber sensors highly superior over the conventional sensors. The fiber optic sensors with clad removed fibers at some portion along its length play a vital role in the determination of refractive index of various liquids at several wavelengths and at several temperatures. In the present paper a refractive index sensor has been developed to investigate the performance and experimental validation in the measurement of R.I. values of liquids at various temperatures using a tunable light source capable of emitting light at the wavelengths of 630nm, 660nm, 820nm and 850nm. The U-shaped glass probe connected between the tunable light source and an optical detector using two multimode PCS fibers of 200/230μm, acts as a clad removed portion of the sensor which is called as sensing zone or sensing region. In the working principle of the sensor, the U-shaped glass rod immersed into each mixture prepared with the combination of Toluene and Acetonitrile, the light launched from the source reaching the detector was noted at various temperatures and by tuning the wavelength of the source to 630nm, 660nm, 820nm and 850nm. From the data obtained, the sensor was calibrated to measure the refractive index of various liquids at different temperatures and wavelengths. Exploiting all the advantages offered by the fiber optic communication systems, the sensor was expected to be rugged, robust, reliable, and durable offering the sensitivity in the range of the order of 10-5.

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“…As a basic optical parameter, the refractive index (RI) can be widely used to identify chemical substances in many analytical applications, including food safety [ 1 ], medical examination [ 2 , 3 ], and environmental monitoring [ 4 , 5 ]. In the past few decades, the fiber-based RI sensor has been extensively explored because of its advantages of low cost, multiplexing capability, and fast response.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Refractive Index Sensor Based on Double Side-Polished U-Shaped Plastic Optical Fiber

Wang

Zhang

et al. 2020

Sensors

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A U-shaped double-side polished plastic optical fiber (POF) is demonstrated as a liquid refractive index (RI) sensor. The refractive index of glycerinum solutions is identified by the intensity detection on the bending and evanescent wave loss change. Heat treatment and mechanical polishing are adopted to form the symmetrical side-polished POF probe. The processing parameters are experimentally optimized on the power transmittance. The sensitivity of 1541%/RIU (Refractive Index Unit) can be obtained with a resolution of 5.35 × 10−4 in the scope of 1.33–1.39. The favorable temperature characteristic is proved to offer stable RI sensing from 20 to 50 °C. This simple POF sensor has potentials in low-cost visible light intensity RI detection.

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Plastic fiber optic sensor for continuous liquid level monitoring

Cited by 49 publications

References 22 publications

Fabrication of Humidity-Resistant Optical Fiber Sensor for Ammonia Sensing Using Diazo Resin-Photocrosslinked Films with a Porphyrin-Polystyrene Binary Mixture

Fabrication of Humidity-Resistant Optical Fiber Sensor for Ammonia Sensing Using Diazo Resin-Photocrosslinked Films with a Porphyrin-Polystyrene Binary Mixture

Comprehensive Study and Experimental Validation of U-shaped Probe Extrinsic Fiber Optic Sensor for the Measurement of Refractive Index at Various Temperatures using a Tunable Light Source

Refractive Index Sensor Based on Double Side-Polished U-Shaped Plastic Optical Fiber

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