“…22–24 The circumferential crack ( 2 θ) at the intrados was taken as 0°, 45°, 60°, and 90° for which the corresponding relative crack lengths ( θ/π) were 0, 0.125, 0.167, and 0.25, respectively. 28,29 The material considered was Type 304 SS, generally used in the piping system, with a 0.26 Poisson's ratio 0.25em false( γ false), yield stress ( σ o false) of 271.93 MPa, and Young's modulus ( E ) of 193 GPa. 17,18,26,28 For the present analysis, the elastic-perfectly plastic (EPP) material model was used, which offers a conservative estimation of the FE results and thus is useful from the standpoint of the pipe bend's design.…”