Plastic waste occurrence on a beach off southwestern Luzon, Philippines

Paler, Ma. Kristina O.; Malenab, Ma. Charisma T.; Maralit, Jennifer R.; Nacorda, Hildie Maria E.

doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.02.006

Cited by 63 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…As shown in Table 2, the amount of stranded plastic found on Bintan beaches was the same as that of the macroplastics found in the western part of Mediterranean, i.e., the amount of stranded plastic found on Bintan beaches. An amount of 0.2-6.9 items per m2 (Asensio-Montesinos et al, 2019) can be classified as extremely dirty according to Alkalay et al (2017) and Paler et al (2019), but in terms of accu-mulation, it was less polluted than the plastic debris in Cape Town (Chitaka and von Blottnitz, 2019) and the Northwestern Mediterranean (Constant et al, 2019). Table 2 shows the results of stranded plastics from different studies for clear comparison with our study results.…”

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confidence: 99%

Daily apportionment of stranded plastic debris in the Bintan Coastal area, Indonesia

Syakti

Jacob

Birrien

et al. 2019

Marine Pollution Bulletin

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This study aims to provide a baseline report of the apportionment of stranded plastic debris (macro) in Bintan Island beaches. Their quantity and composition were assessed during a 45-day survey demonstrating the occurrence of the 3378 plastic fragments, which were, in decreasing order, constituted by LDPE (22.9%), PS (19.5%), PP (16.6%), PET (10.4%), HDPE (9.2%), PVC (7.2%), PU (4.9%), polyester (4.7%), polyamide (4.3%), and styrene/butadiene (0.3%). The abundance ranged from 1.2 to 4.7 items/m 2. Additional apportionment ranged from 0.03 to 0.15 items/m 2 per day with an arithmetic mean of 0.09 ± 0.05 items/m 2 per day, mainly related to domestic waste influenced by hydrodynamic action such as longshore current and wind dynamics. Furthermore, we suggested mitigation measures focused on local action to address the plastic debris problem in Bintan beaches, which are typical of the coasts of small islands in Indonesia. Since 2015, plastic pollution has attracted public attention in Indonesia. After being declared as the second largest plastic contributor to the marine environment (Jambeck et al., 2015), through public information dissemination acts, i.e., conferences, seminars, and community action, all related stakeholders (academia, business sector, community , government, and media) enforced their roles to solve the claimed problem. However, the Indonesian Government has stipulated recent regulations through Presidential Decree No. 83 concerning waste handling in the sea, which constituted the national action plan to reducing 70% of marine plastic in the marine environment by the year 2025 (Perpres 83/2018). Nevertheless, the real data to contradict Jambeck's model are still lacking in Indonesia. Limited studies have been conducted by Indonesian scientists. Marine contamination with plastic debris has been reported in the Indonesian area by several authors. For instance, Syakti et al. (2017, 2018) reported the occurrence of macroplastics and floating microplastics in the southern part of Java in the adjacent Indian Ocean and the Bintan area. Cordova et al. (2018) reported the presence of microplastics in coral reef sediment in Lombok and in the deep sea of the southwestern Sumatra coast (Cordoba and Wahyudi, 2016). Recent studies were also conducted on the occurrence of microplastics in biota (Rochman et al. 2015; Lubis et al., 2019) and the absorbed co-pollutants, i.e., PAHs and PCBs (Bouhroum et al. 2019), as well as the impact of microplastics (Syakti et al. 2019). The present study investigated the apportionment of stranded plastic debris (macro) on Bintan Island (Fig. 1), an area in Indonesia that is close to the Ma-lacca and Singapore Straits, which is recognized as the most crowded sea-lane and a maritime traffic zone and could potentially experience a sea-based leakage of plastic from ship lines. Seven sites with different orientations and nearby activity were studied around Bintan and were classified as touristic (S1-S4), industrial (S5), and domestic (S6) harbors and/or as for industrial activities. F...

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confidence: 99%

Daily apportionment of stranded plastic debris in the Bintan Coastal area, Indonesia

Syakti

Jacob

Birrien

et al. 2019

Marine Pollution Bulletin

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“…Statistically, the Philippines generates about 0.28 to 0.75 million metric tons of plastic litter, yearly [34]. Studies by Kalnasa et al [35] and Paler et al [36] investigated the occurrences of microplastic litter in Macajalar Bay and Southwestern Luzon, respectively and revealed that a large percentage of plastic litter were brightly colored spherules. Another study by Bucol et al [37] quantified microplastics ingested by rabbitfish (Siganus fuscescens) from coastal areas of Negros Oriental and found an average of 0.6 particles/fish.…”

Section: Facial Washes With Polyethylene Microbeads In the Philippinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Embryotoxic and teratogenic effects of polyethylene microbeads found in facial wash products in Zebrafish (Danio rerio)using the Fish Embryo Acute Toxicity Test

Guzman

Chua

Sedano

2020

Preprint

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Use of polyethylene beads in facial cleansers has been continuously questioned by scientific communities for they adversely affect aquatic organisms once these beads find their way into their habitats. This study specifically aims to determine Danio rerio mortality rate using lethal endpoints and to evaluate sublethal teratogenic effects in Danio rerio due to polyethylene microbead exposure. Danio rerio, a model organism for ecotoxicology, was subjected to the Fish Embryo Acute Toxicity Test. Embryos were exposed to polyethylene microbead suspensions (PE-MBS) of varying concentrations (i.e., 20 μg/L, 200 μg/L, 2000 μg/L). They were also exposed to 5% ethanol (positive control), reconstituted water (negative control), 0.01% Tween 80 (emulsifier control), and 1% DMSO (solvent control). Toxicological endpoints (i.e., egg coagulation, lack of somite formation, non-detachment of tail, and lack of heartbeat) were observed every 24 hours until the 96th hour exposure. Hatching was observed from 48 hpf while teratogenicity was observed at 144 hpf. Significant differences between means and variances were observed for all treatment groups in relation to the negative control. For all groups, 0.01% Tween 80, 1% DMSO and 20 μg/L PE-MBS did not significantly differ with the negative control due to negligible concentration but 5% ethanol and higher concentrations of PE-MBS did. This indicated that high concentrations of PE-MBS exposure may induce early hatching, mortality, increased malformation, and increased heart rate. Tukey Kramer post hoc Test substantiated that PE-MBS toxicity is dose dependent since embryotoxicity and teratogenicity increases at higher concentrations. LC50 obtained using probit analysis based on experimental data was 2455.096 μg/L, and was higher than the concentrations used in this study. Further studies should be conducted to know more about the adverse effects of polyethylene microbeads to the biota.Author SummaryMargaret De Guzman, MSc, Patricia Chua, and Franceska Sedano have all equally contributed to this work in conceptualization, formal analysis, funding acquisition, and investigation. All authors have also equally headed project administration, procurement of resources and writing.

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“…However, complete elimination of single-use plastic packaging may have deleterious socioeconomic consequences. In certain areas, it is cost-prohibitive to purchase large plastic bottles or metal cans of products, like shampoo or coffee ( Paler et al., 2019 ; Jnr et al., 2018 ). To increase accessibility in these regions, consumer packaged goods (CPGs) companies supply single dosages of these products in flexible plastic pouches called sachets ( Paler et al., 2019 ; Jnr et al., 2018 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In certain areas, it is cost-prohibitive to purchase large plastic bottles or metal cans of products, like shampoo or coffee ( Paler et al., 2019 ; Jnr et al., 2018 ). To increase accessibility in these regions, consumer packaged goods (CPGs) companies supply single dosages of these products in flexible plastic pouches called sachets ( Paler et al., 2019 ; Jnr et al., 2018 ). Sachets can be in the form of monolayer films, like low-density polyethylene (LDPE), or multilayer laminates, including materials like LDPE, polyethylene terephthalate, and/or polypropylene ( Figure 1 ; Paler et al., 2019 ; Jnr et al., 2018 ; Mensitieri et al., 2011 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To increase accessibility in these regions, consumer packaged goods (CPGs) companies supply single dosages of these products in flexible plastic pouches called sachets ( Paler et al., 2019 ; Jnr et al., 2018 ). Sachets can be in the form of monolayer films, like low-density polyethylene (LDPE), or multilayer laminates, including materials like LDPE, polyethylene terephthalate, and/or polypropylene ( Figure 1 ; Paler et al., 2019 ; Jnr et al., 2018 ; Mensitieri et al., 2011 ). Although these materials are inexpensive, lightweight, and compatible with existing packaging converters, they are not recyclable or biodegradable ( Nazareth et al., 2019 ; Paler et al., 2019 ; Jnr et al., 2018 ; Arrieta et al., 2017 ; Deroiné et al., 2014a ; Scaffaro et al., 2019 ; Schneiderman and Hillmyer, 2017 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Commercial Marine-Degradable Polymers for Flexible Packaging

Barron

Sparks

2020

iScience

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Summary Plastic pollution is entering the world's oceans at alarming rates and is expected to outweigh fish populations by 2050. This plastic waste originates from land-based applications, like consumer product packaging, and is composed of high-durability polyolefins. These conventional plastics possess desirable properties, including high chemical stability, moisture barrier, and thermoplastic characteristics. Unfortunately, if these materials reach marine environments, they fragment into microplastics that cannot be biologically assimilated. The aim of this review is to investigate commercial polymers that are biodegradable in marine environments but have comparable product stability and moisture barrier properties to polyolefins. Among commercially available biopolymers, thermoplastic starches (TPS) and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) have been shown to biodegrade in marine environments. Moreover, these biopolymers are thermoplastics and possess similar thermoforming properties to polyolefins. At present, TPS and PHAs have limitations, including chemical instability, limited moisture barrier properties, and high production costs. To replace conventional polymers with PHAs and TPS, these properties must be improved.

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Plastic waste occurrence on a beach off southwestern Luzon, Philippines

Cited by 63 publications

References 18 publications

Daily apportionment of stranded plastic debris in the Bintan Coastal area, Indonesia

Daily apportionment of stranded plastic debris in the Bintan Coastal area, Indonesia

Embryotoxic and teratogenic effects of polyethylene microbeads found in facial wash products in Zebrafish (Danio rerio)using the Fish Embryo Acute Toxicity Test

Commercial Marine-Degradable Polymers for Flexible Packaging

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