Plasticin, a newly identified neurofilament protein, is preferentially expressed in young retinal ganglion cells of adult goldfish

Fuchs, Chana; Glasgow, Eric; Hitchcock, Peter F.; Schechter, Nisson

doi:10.1002/cne.903500309

Cited by 19 publications

(20 citation statements)

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“…2B, lane 2). These results expand the observations of Fuchs et al (1994), who showed that plasticin antibody recognizes two goldfish proteins that differ slightly in their molecular weights. In zebrafish, Asch et al (1998) isolated two plasticin cDNAs with predicted molecular weights of 51.4 kDa and 52.6 kDa.…”

Section: Goldfish Plasticin Antibody Recognizes Two Variants Of Zebrasupporting

confidence: 89%

“…In contrast, developmental expression of the nIF peripherin is confined to distinct PNS neurons and CNS neurons that project axons toward the periphery (Parysek et al, 1988;Escurat et al, 1990;Gorham et al, 1990;Troy et al, 1990a). These progressive changes in nIF protein expression fulfill the varying requirements for plasticity and stability in growing axons (Glasgow et al, 1992(Glasgow et al, , 1994aNixon and Shea, 1992;Fuchs et al, 1994;Giordano et al, 1995;Zhao and Szaro, 1997b).…”

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confidence: 82%

“…Fifty micrograms of proteins were resolved on a 12% gel by using SDS-PAGE and were blotted to a polyvinylidene diflouride (PVDF) membrane (Millipore, Bedford, MA) by wet electrophoretic transfer. The membrane was incubated overnight at 4°C in a 1:10,000 dilution of affinity-purified polyclonal antigoldfish plasticin antibody (Fuchs et al, 1994). Membranes were incubated overnight at 4°C in a 1:10,000 dilution of secondary antibody conjugated to alkaline phosphatase.…”

Section: Western Blottingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We previously determined the expression of plasticin during goldfish optic nerve regeneration by using an affinity-purified polyclonal antibody (Fuchs et al, 1994). To assess the specificity of this antibody for zebrafish plasticin, Western blot analysis was performed.…”

Section: Goldfish Plasticin Antibody Recognizes Two Variants Of Zebramentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We previously characterized plasticin and gefilitin, nIF proteins with sequential expression that is linked to regeneration of goldfish optic axons (Glasgow et al, 1992(Glasgow et al, , 1994bFuchs et al, 1994). The goldfish visual pathway exhibits continuous growth throughout life and a remarkable capacity for functional regeneration after optic nerve injury (Johns and Easter, 1977;Meyer, 1978;Easter et al, 1984).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Restricted expression of the neuronal intermediate filament protein plasticin during zebrafish development

et al. 1998

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In the adult goldfish visual pathway, expression of the neuronal intermediate filament (nIF) protein plasticin is restricted to differentiating retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) at the margin of the retina. Following optic nerve injury, plasticin expression is elevated transiently in all RGCs coincident with the early stages of axon regeneration. These results suggest that plasticin may be expressed throughout the nervous system during the early stages of axonogenesis. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed plasticin expression during zebrafish (Danio rerio) neuronal development. By using immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization, we found that plasticin is expressed in restricted subsets of early zebrafish neurons. Expression coincides with axon outgrowth in projection neurons that pioneer distinct axon tracts in the embryo. Plasticin is expressed first in trigeminal, Rohon-Beard, and posterior lateral line ganglia neurons, which are among the earliest neurons to initiate axonogenesis in zebrafish. Plasticin is expressed also in reticulospinal neurons and in caudal primary motoneurons. Together, these neurons establish the first behavioral responses in the embryo. Plasticin expression also coincides with initial RGC axonogenesis and progressively decreases after RGC axons reach the tectum. At later developmental stages, plasticin is expressed in a subset of the cranial nerves. The majority of plasticin-positive neurons are within or project axons to the peripheral nervous system. Our results suggest that plasticin subserves the changing requirements for plasticity and stability during axonal outgrowth in neurons that project long axons.

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Section: Goldfish Plasticin Antibody Recognizes Two Variants Of Zebrasupporting

confidence: 89%

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confidence: 82%

Section: Western Blottingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Goldfish Plasticin Antibody Recognizes Two Variants Of Zebramentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Restricted expression of the neuronal intermediate filament protein plasticin during zebrafish development

et al. 1998

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Xenopus laevis peripherin (XIF3) is expressed in radial glia and proliferating neural epithelial cells as well as in neurons

2000

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Neuronal intermediate filament (nIF) proteins form the most abundant component of the axonal cytoskeleton. Thus, understanding their function and the regulation of their expression is essential for comprehending how axonal structure is regulated. Although most vertebrate nIF proteins are classified as type IV intermediate filament (IF) proteins, additional nIF proteins exist in frogs (Xenopus laevis), cyprinid fishes, and mammals (called XIF3, plasticin, and peripherin, respectively) that are classified as type III. Expression of a type III nIF protein is correlated strongly with the earliest phases of axonal outgrowth in fishes but less so in mammals. To understand better how the correlation between type III nIF protein expression and early phases of axonal outgrowth has changed during evolution, the authors examined XIF3 expression in Xenopus laevis. In Xenopus, the association between XIF3 expression and early axonal outgrowth was especially strong. For example, during early axonal development, XIF3 expression preceded and was more abundant and widespread than that of any of the type IV nIF proteins. As axons matured, neuronal expression of XIF3 gradually became more restricted while that of type IV nIF proteins increased. These results support the idea that type III nIF proteins play a special role during early phases of axonal outgrowth. In addition to finding XIF3 in neurons, the authors also unexpectedly found it in regions of the central nervous system that contain proliferating cells and radial glia. As a framework for interpreting variations in nIF expression in different vertebrate species, the authors built phylogenetic trees to clarify relationships among vertebrate nIF proteins. These trees supported the classification of XIF3, plasticin, and peripherin as orthologs (products of the same genetic locus, evolving separately only since the species lineages diverged). Thus, XIF3, plasticin, and peripherin probably should be referred to as Xenopus, fish, and mammalian peripherin, respectively. This finding argues that differences in expression of these three proteins in frogs, fishes, and mammals are the result of regulatory changes to the peripherin ancestral gene along each lineage. The expression of a peripherin ortholog in Xenopus glia may represent either an adaptation that arose since the divergence of Xenopus from mammals or, alternatively, a feature retained from an ancestral IF protein that was expressed originally both in neurons and in glia.

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Differential expression and localization of neuronal intermediate filament proteins within newly developing neurites in dissociated cultures of Xenopus laevis embryonic spinal cord

Undamatla

Szaro

2001

Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton

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The molecular subunit composition of neurofilaments (NFs) progressively changes during axon development. In developing Xenopus laevis spinal cord, peripherin emerges at the earliest stages of neurite outgrowth. NF-M and XNIF (an alpha-internexin-like protein) appear later, as axons continue to elongate, and NF-L is expressed after axons contact muscle. Because NFs are the most abundant component of the vertebrate axonal cytoskeleton, we must understand why these changes occur before we can fully comprehend how the cytoskeleton regulates axon growth and morphology. Knowing where these proteins are localized within developing neurites and how their expression changes with cell contact is essential for this understanding. Thus, we examined by immunofluorescence the expression and localization of these NF subunits within dissociated cultures of newly differentiating spinal cord neurons. In young neurites, peripherin was most abundant in distal neuritic segments, especially near branch points and extending into the central domain of the growth cone. In contrast, XNIF and NF-M were usually either absent from very young neurites or exhibited a proximal to distal gradient of decreasing intensity. In older neurites, XNIF and NF-M expression increased, whereas that of peripherin declined. All three of these proteins became more evenly distributed along the neurites, with some branches staining more intensely than others. At 24 h, NF-L appeared, and in 48-h cultures, its expression, along with that of NF-M, was greater in neurites contacting muscle cells, arguing that the upregulation of these two subunits is dependent on contact with target cells. Moreover, this contact had no effect on XNIF or peripherin expression. Our findings are consistent with a model in which peripherin plays an important structural role in growth cones, XNIF and NF-M help consolidate the intermediate filament cytoskeleton beginning in the proximal neurite, and increased levels of NF-L and NF-M help further solidify the cytoskeleton of axons that successfully reach their targets.

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Plasticin, a newly identified neurofilament protein, is preferentially expressed in young retinal ganglion cells of adult goldfish

Cited by 19 publications

References 50 publications

Restricted expression of the neuronal intermediate filament protein plasticin during zebrafish development

Restricted expression of the neuronal intermediate filament protein plasticin during zebrafish development

Xenopus laevis peripherin (XIF3) is expressed in radial glia and proliferating neural epithelial cells as well as in neurons

Differential expression and localization of neuronal intermediate filament proteins within newly developing neurites in dissociated cultures of Xenopus laevis embryonic spinal cord

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