Plasticizers

Sears, Joe; Touchette, N. W.; Darby, J. R.

doi:10.1021/bk-1985-0285.ch026

Cited by 26 publications

(40 citation statements)

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“…Actually, the VE has acted as a plasticizer of exceptionally high molecular weight [157,158]. Briefly, plasticizers are low molecular weight compounds added to soften a polymer by lowering its glass transition temperature and its rubbery plateau modulus, as well as its hardness, stiffness, and tensile strength [157,159,160].…”

Section: -Plasticizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spectroscopic characterization of molecular interdiffusion at a poly(vinyl pyrrolidone)/vinyl ester interface

Laot

Marand

Oyama

1999

Polymer

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Mechanical properties of (woven carbon fiber / vinyl ester matrix) composites can be greatly improved if the interphase between the reinforcing high-strength low-weight fiber and the thermoset resin is made more compliant. In order to improve the adhesion of the vinyl ester matrix to the carbon fiber, a thermoplastic coating such as poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) can be used as an intermediate between the matrix and the fiber. The extent of mutual diffusion at the (sizing material / polymer matrix) interphase plays a critical role in determining the mechanical properties of the composite.In this research, the molecular interdiffusion across a poly(vinyl pyrrolidone))/vinyl ester monomer (PVP/VE) interface is being investigated by Fourier Transform Infrared Attenuated Total Reflectance (FTIR-ATR) spectroscopy. The ATR method which can be used to characterize the transport phenomena, offers several advantages, such as the ability to monitor the diffusion in situ or to observe chemical reactions. In order to separate the effects of the vinyl ester monomer diffusion and the crosslinking reaction, ATR experiments were carried out at temperatures below the normal curing temperature. Diffusion coefficients were determined by following variations in infrared bands as a function of time, and fitting this data to a Fickian model. The values of the diffusion coefficients calculated were consistent with values found in the literature for diffusion of small molecules in polymers. The dependence of diffusion coefficients on temperature followed the Arrhenius equation. Hydrogen bonding interactions were also characterized. The diffusion model used in this study, however, does not seem to be appropriate for the particular (PVP/VE) system.Because the glass transition temperature of the PVP changed as diffusion proceeded, one would expect that the mutual diffusion coefficient did not stay constant. In fact, it was shown that the T g can drop by 140 o C during the diffusion process. A more suitable model of the (PVP/VE) system should take into account plasticization, hydrogen bonding, and especially a concentration dependent diffusion coefficient. Further analysis is therefore needed.iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

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Section: -Plasticizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spectroscopic characterization of molecular interdiffusion at a poly(vinyl pyrrolidone)/vinyl ester interface

Laot

Marand

Oyama

1999

Polymer

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“…Thus, plasticizers require molecular interaction with a portion of the polymer molecule, and the plasticizer molecule possesses another nonpolar portion in order to reduce interaction. [1][2][3] The most common plasticizers are the alkyl esters of phthalic acid, which contain an aromatic ring and ester groups to interact with PVC, and aliphatic acid chains to maintain nonpolar contact with other molecules. Commercial plasticizers are usually liquids of moderately high molecular weight.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3 The plasticizer is usually a marginal solvent for the polymer. 1 General purpose plasticizers such as dioctyl phthalate will dissolve PVC on heating, and remain dispersed in the plasticized gel on cooling. Less polar plasticizers such as dioctyl adipate are less bonded to the polymer, giving it more freedom and softer properties.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The solubility parameter and Flory-Huggins interaction parameter were proposed to screen plasticizers. 1 The thermodynamic interaction between a solvent (probe) and a polymer or a mixture of plasticizer and polymer can be studied by gas liquid chromatography (GLC). 4 -11 The molecular probe technique of GLC, generally known as inverse gas chromatography (IGC), reveals information about the interaction between probes and polymeric stationary phases as well as the interaction between polymer and plasticizers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For ESO, the density was 0.995 cm 3 /g, and the thermal expansion coefficient was 0.00072°C Ϫ1 . 1 The molar volumes of the probes were estimated using the density at 25°C, according to the methods of Spencer and Danner described by Reid et al 34 The solubility parameters of the probes were calculated from internal energy change of vaporization, ⌬E vap , and molar volume V 1 based on the definition ␦ 2 ϭ ⌬E vap /V 1 . The Clausius-Clapeyron equation was used to calculate the enthalpy change of vaporization ⌬H vap :…”

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confidence: 99%

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Concentration dependency of interaction parameter between PVC and plasticizers using inverse gas chromatography

Huang

Deanin

2003

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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The inverse gas chromatography method was extended to study the concentration dependent FloryHuggins interaction parameter between poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and plasticizers using literature data. For both PVC/ polyadipate and PVC/epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) systems, the miscibility was better at the high PVC end. The specific interaction between PVC and plasticizers was estimated from the difference between the experimental results and the enthalpies of mixing predicted by the solubility parameter model. The interaction was negative and skewed toward the high PVC end, and rendered the overall interaction parameter negative at high PVC compositions. Chemical potential was used to determine the phase composition of PVC/plasticizer mixtures.

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Gas chromatographic studies on the compatibility of PVC with a migration resistant plasticizer

Demertzis

Riganakos

Akrida‐Demertzi

et al. 1991

Angew. Makromol. Chem.

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The technique of inverse gas chromatography (IGC) was used to investigate the thermodynamic miscibility (compatibility) of low molecular weight PVC-poly(adipate ester) plasticizer mixtures. The polymer-plasticizer thermodynamic interaction parameters were determined from chromatographic retention data for various low molecular weight volatile solutes (probes) on stationary phase mixtures which covered the entire composition range for each component. Experiments were carried out in the temperature range of 90 to 110 "C. The Flory-Huggins interaction parameter (1s) values were found to be dependent on the chemical nature of the probes, the temperature, and the composition of the mixed phase. The results predict a relatively high polymerplasticizer compatibility for a wide range of polymer-plasticizer mixtures (up to approx. 70 wt.-Vo of plasticizer). Results were also compared to our own previous data using high molecular weight PVC. ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDie Technik der inversen Gaschromatographie (IGC) wurde zur Untersuchung der thermodynamischen Mischbarkeit (Vertraglichkeit) von niedermolekularem Poly(vinylchlorid) (PVC) mit einem Poly(adipinsaureester) als Weichmacher angewendet. Die thermodynamischen Polymer-Weichmacher-Wechselwirkungsparameter wurden aus den chromatographischen Retentionsdaten verschiedener, niedermolekularer fliichtiger Substanzen als mobile Phase auf einer stationaren Phase aus Polymer-Weichmacher-Mischungen, die sich iiber den gesamten mdglichen Zusammensetzungsbereich erstreckten, ermittelt. Die Untersuchungen wurden im Temperaturbereich von 90 bis 1 10 "C durchgefiihrt. Der Flory-Huggins-Wechselwirkungsparameter (x&) hangt dabei im wesentlichen von der chemischen Natur der als "Sonde" verwendeten fliichtigen Substanz (mobile Phase), von der lkmperatur und von der Zusammensetzung der Polymer-Weichmacher-Mischung (station&e Phase) ab. Die Ergebnisse deuten auf eine relativ gute Polymer-Weichmacher-Vertraglichkeit iiber einen weiten Zusammensetzungsbereich (bis ca. 70 Gew.-Yo Weichmacher) hin; die Vertraglichkeit ist damit besser als bei friiheren Untersuchungen mit hochmolekularem PVC.

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Plasticizers

Cited by 26 publications

References 20 publications

Spectroscopic characterization of molecular interdiffusion at a poly(vinyl pyrrolidone)/vinyl ester interface

Spectroscopic characterization of molecular interdiffusion at a poly(vinyl pyrrolidone)/vinyl ester interface

Concentration dependency of interaction parameter between PVC and plasticizers using inverse gas chromatography

Gas chromatographic studies on the compatibility of PVC with a migration resistant plasticizer

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