Platelet factor 4(PF4) and its multiple roles in diseases

GDF-15 Levels and Other Laboratory Findings as Predictors of COVID-19 Severity and Mortality: A Pilot Study

“…The found association of GDF-15 with the PCT levels of non-survivors and ICU patients in this cohort also introduces the need for further research into GDF-15's possible connections with other, more studied inflammatory markers. Considering the speculated mechanism of GDF-15's interaction with SARS-CoV-2 and endothelial tissue, further studies should concentrate on the association between GDF-15 and other inflammatory markers elevated in endothelial dysfunction, such as platelet factor 4 (PF-4, CXCL4) [34,35], which has recently been studied in COVID-19 patients [36,37]. The findings of such studies could help us better understand the pathophysiological mechanisms of GDF-15 release in COVID-19 and in general.…”

Exploring the Role of Platelets in Virus-Induced Inflammatory Demyelinating Disease and Myocarditis

“…We coated 96-well flat-bottom Nunc-Immuno plates (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.) with 10 µg/mL of purified TMEV antigens. After blocking the plates with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 0.2% Tween TM 20 (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.) in PBS, we diluted the serum samples with the blocking solution by serial two-fold dilutions from 2 7 to 2 28 , added the diluted serum samples to the plates, and incubated the plates at room temperature (RT) for 75 min. We washed the plates with a washing buffer consisting of 0.2% Tween TM 20 in PBS and added horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated anti-mouse IgG (H+L) (2000-fold dilution, Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.), anti-mouse IgG1 (4000-fold dilution, Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.), or anti-mouse IgG2a (4000-fold dilution, Southern Biotechnology Associates, Inc., Birmingham, AL, USA) secondary antibodies to the plates.…”

“…On the other hand, in an autoimmune model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), Mehmood et al (2023) conducted data mining using the spleen transcriptome data from two EAE models with distinct pathomechanisms induced in SJL/J and A.SW mice [26]. They reported the enriched gene ontology "platelet alpha-granule" and the enriched pathway "platelet activation" in EAE mice sensitized with the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) 92-106 peptide; the upregulated genes included platelet-derived growth factor alpha (Pdgfra), megakaryocyte and platelet inhibitory receptor G6b (Mpig6b) [27], Pf4 [28], and phospholipase A2 group VII (Pla2g7) [26]. The transcriptome data used by Mehmood et al were our own experimental data deposited in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) previously (Accession number: GSE99300) [29].…”