Platelets in Skin Autoimmune Diseases

Abstract

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), systemic sclerosis (SSc), and small vessel vasculitis are three autoimmune diseases frequently manifested in the skin. They share common pathogenic features, including production of autoantibodies, loss of tolerance to self-antigens, tissue necrosis and fibrosis, vasculopathy and activation of the coagulation system. Platelets occupy a central part within the coagulation cascade and are well-recognized for their hemostatic role. However, recent cumulative evidence implicates their additional and multifaceted immunoregulatory functions. Platelets express immune receptors and they store growth factors, cytokines, and chemokines in their granules enabling a significant contribution to inflammation. A plethora of activating triggers such as damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) released from damaged endothelial cells, immune complexes, or complement effector molecules can mediate platelet activation. Activated platelets further foster an inflammatory environment and the crosstalk with the endothelium and leukocytes by the release of immunoactive molecules and microparticles. Further insight into the pathogenic implications of platelet activation will pave the way for new therapeutic strategies targeting autoimmune diseases. In this review, we discuss the inflammatory functions of platelets and their mechanistic contribution to the pathophysiology of SSc, ANCA associated small vessel vasculitis and other autoimmune diseases affecting the skin.

Distinguishing Specific CXCL12 Isoforms on Their Angiogenesis and Vascular Permeability Promoting Properties

“…[36] With regard to HA, it is believed to have both tumor-promoting and suppressing properties. [37] Our results provide insights into the dual nature of HA. In contrast to our findings due to the combined effects of CXCL12-γ and HA, the addition of HA alone to collagen-based matrices suppresses angiogenesis and vessel permeability.…”

Platelet Dysfunction and Its Role in the Pathogenesis of Psoriasis

“…Platelets have also been engaged in inflammation and regulating immune responses in addition to the quintessential roles in hemostasis and thrombosis. Activated platelets could help to foster an inflammatory environment by the release of biologically active molecules in some skin disorders, such as systemic sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus [16, 17].…”

The Association Between Psoriasis and Cardiovascular Diseases

“…Additionally, activated platelets could stimulate an inflammatory environment by releasing biologically active molecules in some skin disorders, such as psoriasis, systemic lupus erythematous and multiple sclerosis. [ 49 ] Cytokines released by activated platelets are reported to play a key role in psoriasis. Platelets are the major source of IL-1β, and an increased IL-1 level is involved in the development and progression of inflammation in psoriasis.…”